Psychology2016

622 CHAPTER 15

the brain mechanisms underlying them, including PTSD, depression, stroke,

spinal cord injuries, and ADHD, along with many others (Adeyemo et al., 2012;

Benito et al., 2012; Boggio, Rocha, et al., 2009; Cristancho et al., 2013; Helfrich

et al., 2012; Nitsche et al., 2009).

Another technique highlighted in Chapter Two is deep brain stimulation

(DBS). And while rTMS and tDCS are noninvasive, DBS is not and is used when

other approaches have failed. DBS is being evaluated as a treatment modality

for both depression and OCD (Denys et al., 2010; Holtzheimer et al., 2012), with

some evidence that DBS may also improve some neuropsychological functions

in depressed individuals (Moreines et al., 2014). Exciting research is investigat-

ing the use of DBS for individuals with chronic anorexia nervosa who have not

responded well to other treatments, with initial results suggesting some indi-

viduals have improved body mass index (BMI), mood, and anxiety symptoms

after DBS treatment (Lipsman et al., 2013). Pilot studies and initial investigations

are also examining the potential use of DBS in chronic obesity (Val-Laillet et al.,

2015; Whiting et al., 2013).

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive procedure, and
sometimes used when all other treatment options have
failed. It involves the implantation of a pulse generator, a
device that will send electric stimulation to specific areas
of the brain.

Biomedical Therapies

psychosurgery

electroconvulsive

therapy

antipsychotic drugs: treat psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions,

and bizarre behavior; include the typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,

and partial dopamine agonists; work by blocking certain dopamine receptors

in the brain; long-term use has variety of risks, both behavioral and cognitive

antianxiety drugs: address anxiety and related disorders; include the minor

tranquilizers (benzodiazepines) that have a sedative effect—also have potential for

addiction and abuse; antidepressant drugs also used to treat anxiety disorders

mood-stabilizing drugs: address the manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder;

most common is lithium; may also include anticonvulsants and antidepressants

antidepressant drugs: are used to treat symptoms of depression and include

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

still used to treat severe depression and a few other disorders that

have not responded to other forms of treatment

involves the application of an electric shock and resulting seizure that

appears to normalize the balance of neurotransmitters within the brain

traditional side effects (extreme memory loss, broken bones) have been minimized

by lower levels of current and the use of both muscle relaxers and anesthesia

emerging

technologies

deep brain stimulation (DBS) for depression and OCD

used only as a last resort, involves cutting into the brain to remove or destroy brain

tissues associated with symptoms of a mental disorder

prefrontal lobotomies were widely used in the mid-1900s up until the development

of antipsychotic drugs

at present, bilateral anterior cingulotomy (involves selective areas of cingulate gyrus)

is used, primarily for obsessive-compulsive disorder; has also been used with depression

and bipolar disorder

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

psychopharmacology

the use of drugs to control

or relieve the symptoms of

a psychological disorder;

may be used alone or in

combination with other

therapies (see Table 13.3)

being evaluated

as treatment options

for PTSD and depression,

and other disorders

Concept Map L.O. 15.10, 15.11, 15.12

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