SI-12 SUBJECT INDEX
Operant conditioning (continued)
reinforcement, schedules of, 192–196
shaping, 201–202
spontaneous recovery, 200–201
stimulus control, 200
therapies based on, 599–600
Thorndike’s puzzle box, 188–189
Operationalization, definition, 28–29
Opium, 168
Opponent-process theory, 104–105
Optical illusions, 99
Optic disk, 101
Optic nerve, 98
crossing of, 100–101
Optimists, 442–443
Optimum arousal, 361–362
Oral stage, 509–510
Organic amnesia, 257–259
Organic factors, in sexual dysfunction, 571
Organic sexual dysfunction, 571
Organ of Corti, 109
Orgasm, 404
Ossicles, 108
Osteoporosis, 166, 343
Otolith organs, 119
Outer ear, 108
Out-groups, 483, 484–485
Outline, PIA-17–PIA-18
Oval window, 108
Ovaries, 64, 66, 392
Overcrowding, stress and, 443
Overeaters Anonymous, 606
Overgeneralization, 558, 601
Overlap, 123
Ovum, 318
Oxytocin, 65
Ozone (social networking site), 489P
Pacinian corpuscles, 113
Pain, 53, 57–58
gate-control theory of, 117–118
meditation and, 450
pain disorders, 118
perception of, 116–117
somatic, 116
visceral, 116
Pancreas, 66
Panic attack, 554
Panic disorder, 554, 555
therapy for, 610
Papers, writing, PIA-17–PIA-18
Papillae, 112, 113
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, 225
Parasympathetic division, of the autonomic nervous
system, 60, 62
stress and, 432
Parathyroid glands, 64
Parental investment, 408
Parenting, 345–346
Parenting styles, 345–346
Parent-teen conflict, 341
Parietal lobes, 79
mental images and, 269
Parkinson’s disease, 52, 65, 615
Paroxetine (Paxil), 618
Parsimony, law of, 39
Partial dopamine agonists, 616
Partial reinforcement effect, 193–194
Partial report method, 228
Participant modeling, 599
Participant observation, 23
Passion, 489
Pavlov, Ivan, 9, 178–184
PCP (phenyl cyclohexyl piperidine, phencyclidine), 169PDP. See Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
Peak experiences, 364
Peer pressure, 341
Peg-word method, PIA-16
Pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), 415
Penis, 392
Penis envy, 510, 512
Penn & Teller, 131, 132
People’s Temple cult, 453
Perceiving/judging (P/J), 534
Perception
binocular cues, 123, 125
brightness constancy, 121
closure, 122
common region, 122, 123
contiguity, 123
continuity, 122
defined, 120
depth, 123–125
factors influencing, 128–129
figure-ground relationships, 121–122
Gestalt principles of grouping, 121–123
monocular cues, 123–124
perceptual illusions, 125–129
proximity, 122
shape constancy, 121
similarity, 122
size constancy, 120–121
subliminal, 95
Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy), 128–129
Performance, arousal and, 361
Perimenopause, 343
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 47, 59–62
autonomic nervous system, 60–62
defined, 59
somatic nervous system, 59–60
Peripheral-route processing, 475
Perls, Fritz, 592, 594
Permissive indulgent parenting, 346
Permissive neglectful parenting, 346
Permissive parenting, 346
Perseveration, 79
Persistence, 428
Persistence of vision, 132
Persona, 511
Personal fable, 339
Personal frustration, 428
Personality
anal stage, 510
assessment of, 531–536
behaviorist perspective on, 515–517
Big Five theory of, 523–524, 527, 538
biological bases of, 537–538
biology of (behavioral genetics), 526–528
coronary heart disease and, 440
cultural, 528–529
defined, 506
divisions of, 507–509
ego, 508
expectancies, 516–517
genital stage, 511
humanist perspective on, 518–520
id, 507–508
implicit theories of, 478
latency stage, 511
neo-Freudians, 511–512
oral stage, 509–510
phallic stage, 510–511
psychodynamic perspective, 506–513
psychological defense mechanisms, 509
reciprocal determinism, 515–516
self-concept, 518–519
self-efficacy, 515–516
social cognitive perspective, 515–517
stages of development, 509–511
stress and, 440–443superego, 508, 510, 511
theories of, 504–538
trait perspective, 524–525
unconscious mind, 506–507
Personality assessment, 531–536
behavioral, 532, 532
interviews, 532, 532
MMPI-2, 532, 533
Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness
Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), 532, 533–534
personality inventories, 532, 533–535
projective tests, 532, 535–536
Rorschach inkblots, 532, 535–536
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 532, 536
types of, 532
Personality differences, gender and, 402
Personality disorders, 577–578
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 577
borderline personality disorder (BLPD), 577
causes of, 578
defined, 577
genetic factors, 578
types of, 577
Personality inventories, 533–534
defined, 533
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 532, 534
Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II
(MMPI-2), 532, 533
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 532, 534
Neuroticism/Extraversion/Openness
Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), 532, 533
problems with, 530
Personality psychology, B-6
Personalization, 602
Personal unconscious, 511
Person-centered therapy, 592–594
basic elements, 593
characteristics of, 604
evaluation of, 594
motivational interviewing, 593–594
Persuasion, 474–475
Pessimists, 442–443
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
Pezdek, Kathy, 247
Phallic stage, 510–511
Phantom limb pain, 118
Phantoms in the Brain (Ramachandran), 81
Ph. D. degree, B-3–B-4
Phenelzine sulfate (Nardil), 617
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 315
Phi phenomenon, 127
Phobias, 184–185, 553–554
behaviorism and, 9
classical conditioning of, 184–185
desensitization therapy and, 597
exposure therapies for, 598–599
scientific names, 553
virtual reality exposure therapy for, 598–599
Phobic disorders, 553–554
agoraphobia, 554
social phobias (social anxiety disorders), 553
specific phobias, 553
Phonemes, 298
Photographic memory, 229
Photons, 97
Photoreactive keratectomy (PRK), 99
Photoreceptors, 100
Phrenology, 537
Physical aging, 342–343
Physical attractiveness, 487
Physical dependence, on drugs, 161–163
Physical development
adolescence, 338–339
adulthood, 342–343
infancy and childhood development, 322–325
Physical exercise, for cognitive health, 305–306Z07_CICC7961_05_SE_SIDX.indd 12 9/3/16 12:41 AM