Contents xi
The Systemic Pressures for the British Pullout
from Afghanistan 137
Summary of the First (1838–1842) and Second
(1878–1880) Anglo-Afghan Wars 138
The Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) 138
Why Did Britain Invade Afghanistan? 138
The Invasion 139
The Systemic Pressures for the British Pullout
from Afghanistan 139
The Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1988) 140
Why Did the Soviet Union Invade Afghanistan? 140
The Systemic Constraints That Were Employed
in the War 140
The U.S.-Afghan War (2001) 141
Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan? 141
The Invasion 142
The Systemic Pressures for the United States’
Departure from Afghanistan 143
The Prolonged American Presence in Afghanistan 143
The Consequences of the U.S.-Afghan War 144
Summary of the Five Wars of Polar Powers
against Afghanistan 145
Territorial Outcomes of the Wars of Polar
Powers—Interim Summary 146- The Distribution of Power and International
Outcomes: Conclusions 151
International Outcomes: Analysis and Evaluation 152
Index of Stability of International Systems 152
Estimation of Territorial Outcomes of Wars of
Polar Powers 154
A New World Order? 156
Appendix A: The Greatest Powers According to the Cow Project 161
Appendix B: Interstate War, 1816–2007, According to the Cow Project 163
Notes 171
References 203
Index 223