190 Notes
- Six wars were fought in the Western Hemisphere and were therefore not
included in the study: War (#60); War (#64); War (#70); War (#79); War (#88); War
(#91). Two wars were fought in the Middle East and were therefore not included
in the study: War (#65); War (#94). Six wars were fought in Asia and were therefore
not included in the study: War (#67); War (#72); War (#73); War (#82); War (#83);
War (#85). Two wars that were fought in Europe and the Middle East were not
included in the assessment because they did not involve either of the two super-
powers constituting the system: War (#61); War (#76). See Appendix B. - War (#147); War (#148); War (#157); War (#160); War (#166); War (#169); War
(#172); War (#175); War (#178); War (#181); War (#184); War (#187); War (#189); War
(#190); War (#193); War (#199); War (#202); War (#205); War (#208). The Afghanistan
War, which involved the Soviet Union, was not included in the quantitative exam-
ination because that war is defined as an intrastate war. During it, Afghanistan
fought rebels and the Soviet Union assisted it. See Appendix B. However, I con-
ducted a qualitative assessment of that war. - The duration of the Korean War was calculated according to the period only
in which the United States was involved and not according to the war’s total dur-
ation (it lasted 1,130 days in total). This is because the war was defined according
to the United States’ participation. The number of deaths was calculated according
to the number of deaths throughout the war (including the period preceding the
United States’ intervention) because it was not possible to calculate the number of
deaths for the period of the United States’ participation only. - The duration of the Vietnam War was calculated according to the per-
iod only in which the United States was involved and not according to the war’s
total duration (it lasted 3,735 days in total). This is because the war was defined
according to the United States’ participation. The number of deaths was calculated
according to the number of deaths throughout the war (including the period pre-
ceding the United States’ intervention) because it was not possible to calculate the
number of deaths for the period of the United States’ participation only. - The duration of the Gulf War was calculated according to the period only
in which the United States was involved and not according to the war’s total dur-
ation (it lasted 253 days in total). This is because the war was defined according to
the United States’ participation. The number of deaths was calculated according
to the number of deaths throughout the war (including the period preceding the
United States’ intervention) because it was not possible to calculate the number of
deaths for the period of the United States’ participation only. - The duration of the war was calculated in the following manner: the start
of the war—the date on which the battles commenced, October 7, 2001. McInnes,
“A Different Kind of War?” p. 174; the end of the war—the establishment of the
government of Afghanistan, Saturday, July 26, 2003. See http:usinfo.state.govsa
Archive2005Sep16-145163.html - The duration of the war was calculated in the following manner: the start of
the war—the day on which the battles commenced, March 20, 2003; the end of the
war—the official date of transfer of sovereignty to Iraq, June 28, 2004. See http://
icasualties.org/ - Alexander L. George, ed., Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991). - Joseph R. Gochal and Jack S. Levy, “Crisis Mismanagement or Conflict of
Interests? A Case Study of the Origins of the Crimean War,” in Zeev Maoz et al.,