Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

196 Notes to Pages 17–21

F. E. Peters, The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 147–162;
and Abdul-Karim Rafeq, “Damascus and the Pilgrim Caravan,” in Modernity and Culture: From the
Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, ed. Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C. A. Bayly (New York: Columbia
University Press, 2002), 130–143.

2. SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 1957. Russian subjects, like those of other European empires, were entitled
   to extraterritorial rights and diplomatic protection in Ottoman lands in line with Russo-Ottoman
   treaties dating back to the late eighteenth century.


3. Faroqhi, Pilgrims and Sultans, 45. For a firsthand description of how estate cases of deceased
   pilgrims were handled (and mishandled) by Ottoman officials in Damascus in the mid-eighteenth
   century, see the hajj memoir by Russian subject Ismail Bekmukhamedov, Ismail sayahati, ed. Rizaed-
   din Fahreddin (Kazan: Lito-tipografiia I.N. Kharitonova, 1903), 28–29.


4. SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 1957.


5. For a comparative look at Russian and Portuguese expansion onto hajj routes starting in the
   sixteenth century, see Naim R. Farooqi, “Moguls, Ottomans, and Pilgrims: Protecting the Routes
   to Mecca in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” International History Review 10, no.  2
   (May  1988): 198–220. See also Michael N. Pearson, Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience,
   1500–1800 (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).


6. Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
   (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 115–117.


7. On the historical geography of Eurasian hajj routes, see S. E. Grigorʹev, “Rossiiskie palomniki
   v sviatykh gorodakh Aravii v kontse XIX-nachale XX v.,” in Istoriografiia i istochnikovedenie isto-
   rii stran Azii i Afriki, ed. N. N. Dʹiakov (St. Petersburg: Izd. S.-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 1999),
   88–110; R. D. McChesney, “The Central Asian Hajj-Pilgrimage in the Time of the Early Modern
   Empires,” in Safavid Iran and Her Neighbors, ed. Michel Mazzaoui (Salt Lake City: University of
   Utah Press, 2003), 129–156; and Alexandre Papas, Thomas Welsford, and Thierry Zarcone. eds.,
   Central Asian Pilgrims: Hajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz (Berlin: Klaus
   Schwarz, 2012). See also “Note of a Pilgrimage Undertaken by an Usbek and His Two Sons from
   Khokend or Kokan, in Tartary, through Russia &c. to Mecca,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
   3 (1834): 379–382.


8. On state bans on the hajj and efforts to “discourage” Muslims from making the hajj, see, for
   example, SSSA, f. 4, op. 8, d. 61; f. 8, op. 1, d. 256.


9. On this process in Russia see Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in
   Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).


10. On Russian support for Orthodox pilgrimage to Jerusalem, see Derek Hopwood, The Russian
    Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford: Clarendon
    Press, 1969); N. N. Lisovoi, Russkoe dukhovnoe i politicheskoe prisutstvie v Sviatoi Zemle i na Blizh-
    nem Vostoke v XIX-nachale XX v. (Moscow: Indrik, 2006); and Theofanis George Stavrou, Russian
    Interests in Palestine, 1882–1914: A Study of Religious and Educational Enterprise (Thessaloniki: Insti-
    tute for Balkan Studies, 1963).


11. Austin Jersild, Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain People and the Georgian
    Frontier, 1845–1917 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002); Michael Khodarkovsky, Bit-
    ter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
    University Press, 2011); and Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire
    in the South Caucasus (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).


12. D. Iu. Arapov, “Pervyi rossiiskii ukaz o palomnichestve v Mekku,” in Rossiia v srednie veka
    i novoe vremia: sbornik statei k 70-letiiu chl. korr. RAN L.V. Milova (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999), 298.
    For cases of the Foreign Ministry arranging and subsidizing travel to Mecca through Russian lands
    for foreign Muslim elites, see, for example, AVPRI, f. 161, II–15, op. 58, d. 4; and SSSA, f. 11, op. 1,
    d. 41.