Notes to Pages 101–108 209
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 192–193.
- Stuart Thompstone, “Tsarist Russia’s Investment in Transport,” Journal of Transport History 3,
no. 19/1 (March 1998): 61–62.
- Ibid.
- RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285.
- Ibid.
- RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285, ll. 118, 28.
- RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757.
- Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard Ukrainian
Research Institute, 1986), 107, 203; Thompstone, “Tsarist Russia’s Investment in Transport,” 63;
RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757, l. 3ob.
- RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285, ll. 307–309.
- On the difficulties European steamship companies faced in profiting from the transport
of hajj pilgrims in the modern era, see Michael B. Miller, “Pilgrims’ Progress: The Business of
the Hajj,” Past & Present 191 (May 2006): 189–228. See also Michael B. Miller, Europe and the
Maritime World: A Twentieth-Century History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012),
123–124.
- RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285.
- Records of the Hajj: A Documentary History of the Pilgrimage to Mecca (Cambridge: Archive
Editions, 1993), 4, 340–342.
- RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285; RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757.
- Before 1906, when Russia became a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (Duma), the
State Council was a legislative advisory body to the tsar, made up of his trusted officials. The council’s
job was to consider proposed laws.
- In 1881, for example, then minister of internal affairs N. P. Ignatʹev had introduced “Tempo-
rary Rules” regarding peasant migration, which shared many features with these new proposed rules
regarding Muslim pilgrimage. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration, 76.
- D. S. Sipiagin was minister of internal affairs briefly, from 1900 to 1902. He was preceded by
I. L. Goremykin (1895–99). Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia, 202–203.
- Edward H. Judge, Plehve: Repression and Reform in Imperial Russia, 1902–1904 (Syracuse,
NY: Syracuse University Press, 1983); Hans Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Impe-
rial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.
- V. G. Chernukha, Pasport v Rossii, 1719–1917 (St. Petersburg: Liki Rossii, 2007). See also
Eugene Avrutin, Jews and the Imperial State: Identification Politics in Tsarist Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cor-
nell University Press, 2010); and Eric Lohr, Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union (Cam-
bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, ll. 133–136ob.
- Robert D. Crews, “The Russian Worlds of Islam,” in Islam and the European Empires, ed.
David Motadel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 40.
- RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, ll. 133–136ob.
- Ibid., l. 136ob.
- Ibid., l. 137ob.
- Ibid., ll. 137ob–138ob.
- Ibid., ll. 23ob–24.
- Ibid., l. 53.
- This project was handed off by the Committee of Ministers to the State Council, which made
its decision in June 1903.