233index
1905 Revolution, 118, 120, 141
Abdülhamid II, 75
Afghanistan: and European imperialism, 6; hajj
pilgrims, 163, 167, 170 – 72, 182; Soviet hajj
campaign in, 170 – 72, 174. See also routes to
Mecca
Akchura, Hasan, 154, 155
al-Ansari, Abu Ayyub, tomb of, 57, 58
Aleppo, 31; Russian consulate, 35, 41
Alexander I, 21 – 22
Alexander II, 55, 203 n 44
Alexander III, 87, 134
Algeria, 60; émigré community in
Damascus, 205 n 90; French conquest of,
87, 198 n 41
Ali, Muhammad, 24
Al’mushev, Khamidullah, 154, 155
anticolonial resistance in Caucasus, 20 – 23, 34,
37, 38, 44, 60
anti-Islamic sentiment, 134, 185
anti-Semitism, 66, 105, 134, 140 – 41, 148
Arabia: cholera outbreaks, 42, 70, 75, 100,
199 n 67; European consular presence in,
76 – 77; Ottoman Arab provinces, 10, 14, 24,
42, 69; Soviet involvement in, 161. See also
Hejaz region; Saudi Arabia
atheism, 157 – 58
Baghdad, 42 – 43; Russian consulate, 48
Baku, 44, 109, 178 – 79
Balkans, 61, 154, 164
bans on the hajj, 19, 21 – 23, 61, 100; due to
cholera, 92, 154
Basra, 91
Battuta, Ibn, 51
Batumi, 54, 88, 93, 102, 111, 149, 178 – 80
Bay, Said, 123 – 24
Bazili, Konstantin, 25 – 26, 30 – 37, 39 – 42
Bedouin attacks, 29 – 35, 39
Beirut, 149 – 50; Russian consulate, 24 – 25
Bekmukhamedov, Ismail, 51
Black Sea ports, 3, 47, 54, 83, 149 – 50, 178;
designated ports of departure, 119; obtaining
passports in, 106, 149; sanitary facilities,
98 – 99. See also Batumi; Odessa; Sevastopol
Black Sea routes, 47, 83, 86, 88 – 89, 98 – 103,
124 – 25, 149 – 50, 204 n 62; bypassed by elite
Muslims, 153 – 54, 155 ; map of, xiv – xv,
96 ; sanctioned by Russian Empire, 92 – 93,
117 – 18; Soviet efforts to attract pilgrims to,
163 – 66; tsarist efforts to attract pilgrims to,
90, 92 – 93, 110 – 14, 130, 147; use by foreign
pilgrims, 161 – 62, 172. See also routes to
Mecca
Bolsheviks, 157, 159; Muslim, 161
Bombay, 83; Russian consulate, 48, 100 – 101Page numbers in italics refer to figures.