234 Index
borders, 12 – 13; of Russian Empire, vi, 12 – 13,
49, 84 – 85, 91, 215 n 2
Britain: campaign to prevent Soviet hajj trans-
port, 172 – 73; colonies, 6, 10, 173, 211 n 26;
competition with Russia, 91, 101, 149, 156,
160 – 61, 167; fear of Soviet involvement in
Arabia, 161; hajj services, 14, 169; interests in
Syria, 24 – 25; trade networks, 104
Brower, Daniel, 9
Bukhara: émigré community in Arabia, 76;
pilgrims, 22, 62, 154; rulers, 2
Bushehr, 91
Cairo, religious study in, 49
Cairo hajj caravan, 27, 33
Capitulations, 25, 34
caravans. See Cairo hajj caravan; Damascus hajj
caravan
caravanserais, 15, 66 – 67, 74, 79, 170
Caspian Sea ports, 44, 97, 109, 178
Catherine the Great, 5, 22
Caucasus, 2, 18, 83, 203 n 43; hajj pilgrims,
31 – 40, 65, 83; hajj routes through, 21, 88;
Muslim anticolonial resistance, 20 – 23, 34,
37, 38, 44, 60; Russia’s conquest of, 20 – 21,
35, 45 – 46
cavus (pilgrim-guides), 92
Central Asia, 2, 18, 21, 194 n 9; hajj pilgrims, 5 ,
58 , 100 , 114, 168 ; holy sites in, 174; Russia’s
colonization of, 73 – 74; Russo-British rival-
ries, 167; Soviet ambitions in, 159 – 61; Soviet
assault on Islam in, 158 – 59; women’s status
in, 160
Central Odessa Office for Shipping Muslim
Pilgrims to Jeddah by Steamship, 116
Charykov, N. V., 1
Chernyshev, A. I., 37
Chicherin, Georgii, 160 – 63
Chinese Muslims, 161 – 62, 167, 172 – 75, 178, 182
cholera outbreaks: in Arabia, 42, 70, 75, 100,
199 n 67; and discrimination against Muslims,
142, 144; fear of, 48, 77, 101, 171; global epi-
demics, 55 – 56, 74 – 75, 83; hajj bans during,
92, 154; in Jeddah, 13, 64 – 65; prevention of,
9, 92, 117, 132 – 33, 140
Christians: in Syria, 25. See also Eastern Ortho-
doxy; Russian Orthodox Church
civil rights, 142 – 43, 148
Committee of the Volunteer Fleet, 104, 128
Communist Party, 180, 215 n 5
Constantinople, 31, 57 – 59, 152; as center of
Pan-Islamic activities, 86; holy sites, 49 – 51,
53, 58 ; misafirhane (lodging house), 62;
Russian ambassador to, 33, 61, 67; Russian
consulate, 48; Soviet recruitment of hajj pil-
grims, 163, 167 – 68; tekkes (lodging house),
62, 67; visits by hajj pilgrims, 113 – 14, 162.
See also Istanbul
consulates. See Russian consulates; Soviet
consulates
Cook, Thomas, 126
Council of Ministers, 120, 134
Crews, Robert, 5, 194 n 9
crime, 83, 124, 152; Bedouin attacks, 29 – 35,
39; pirate attacks, 53; robbery, 31, 40, 58 – 59,
68, 141
Crimea, 2, 18, 56, 65
Crimean Tatars, 53, 56, 57, 202 n 30
Crimean War, 3, 56
currency, Soviet policy on, 165 – 66, 168 – 69,
173, 175 – 78Dagestan region, pilgrims from, 31 – 36, 39, 42,
60 – 61, 203 n 43
dalil system, 79 – 80
Damascus, 10, 44 – 45, 50 ; Algerian émigré com-
munity, 205 n 90; economy, 127; European
consulates, 24; holy sites, 49 – 51, 53
Damascus hajj caravan, 17, 27 – 35, 39, 42;
commander with mahmal, 27 ; procession
through Damascus, 29
David-Fox, Michael, 165, 215 n 7
Davletshin, Abdul Aziz, 82
diplomatic protection: for foreign Muslims, 162;
for Russian subjects, 17, 33 – 35, 63, 67 – 68, 76
disinfection, 98 – 99, 114, 126, 140, 150
Dobson, George, 97 – 98
Duma, 120; Muslim representatives in, 121 – 22,
127 – 28, 143, 144, 211 n 5
Dutch colonies, 6, 78, 161, 197 n 19; financial
requirements for pilgrims, 60; hajj services, 14Eastern Orthodoxy, 1, 25 – 26, 184. See also
Russian Orthodox Church
“Eastern Question,” 24
Egypt, 24; occupation of Syria, 29 – 30