Index 235elites, Muslim: complaints about hajj ban,
22 – 23; as hajj brokers, 181; hajj memoirs,
58 – 59; hajj pilgrimages, 7, 13 – 14, 20, 31,
36 – 37, 65, 80, 153, 197 n 19; recruited into
Russian administration, 38
El-Tor, 14, 103, 112
émigré communities: Algerians in Damascus,
205 n 90; Bukharans in Arabia, 76; Turkes-
tanis in Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina, 79 – 81
Ermolov, A. P., 21 – 23
estate cases, 17 – 18, 36, 40 – 41, 62 – 63, 73,
75 – 77, 80
Europe: collapse of land empires, 164; Muslim
communities in, 183, 185. See also Britain;
France; Russian Empire
European imperialism: colonization of Muslim
states, 6; competition in Ottoman and Per-
sian territories, 2, 24 – 26, 42, 45 – 46, 91, 156,
160 – 62; co-opting Muslim hajj networks,
167; and hajj sponsorship, 7 – 9, 18, 53, 60,
69, 75 – 78, 87, 162; mapping and knowl-
edge-producing projects, 54 – 55; in Muslim
states, 6 – 7. See also Dutch colonies
extraterritorial privileges: of French subjects,
198 n 41; of Russian subjects, 17, 20, 34, 40, 76
facilities for hajj pilgrims. See caravanserais;
lodging houses; Odessa hajj complex; quar-
antine facilities; railroads; steamships
Farahani, Hosayn, 95, 96
Faroqhi, Suraiya, 27, 202 n 33
Feast of the Sacrifice, 90, 131 – 32
Feodosiia, 109, 112, 119, 150
Five-Year Plan, 165, 175
foreign hajj pilgrims, 21 – 22; mistreatment
by Soviets, 178 – 80; petitions for access to
Black Sea routes, 161 – 62; Soviet support for,
158 – 59, 163, 166, 171 – 74
France: colonies, 6, 10, 197 n 19; French sub-
jecthood, 205 n 90; interests in Syria, 25, 30;
Islamic studies, 193 n 6; Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, 60; rivalries with Russia in Ottoman
Arab lands, 42
Frank, Allen, 210 n 79
Georgian Orthodox Church, 26
global hajj networks, 2, 18 – 19, 84, 183 – 86;
traffic within, 157 – 59, 162, 182
globalization, 15, 182, 185
Golovin, I. G., 31, 35
Great Depression, 159, 182
Gurzhi, Petr, 116 – 17, 132 – 34, 144, 150 – 51hajj, 1, 8; costs of, 43 – 44; economic activity
generated by, 127, 141; growth in, 57, 60, 67,
107 – 8; and illegal economic activity, 182;
impact of modern transport on, 53 – 54; as
mass event, 47, 54, 68, 84; in twenty-first
century, 49, 183 – 86. See also itineraries;
mapping the hajj; routes to Mecca
hajj director. See Saidazimbaev, Said Gani
hajj infrastructure: Soviet reconstruction
of, 164, 166; tsarist-era, 1, 3 – 6, 15, 20, 46,
147, 151, 156, 158, 184. See also caravans;
lodging houses; Ottoman Empire; railroads;
steamships
hajj memoirs, 51 – 53, 52 , 57 – 59, 78 – 79, 154,
201 n 13
hajj pilgrims, 5 , 7 , 58 , 100 , 118 , 148 , 168 ;
exploitation of, 13, 68, 79 – 80, 124, 141, 144,
146; identity as Russian subjects, 39, 59 – 60,
68; numbers of, 28, 36; perceptions of tsarist
Russia, 67 – 68, 151 – 53; responses to Russian
involvement in hajj, 13 – 14, 123, 142 – 45,
147; treatment of, 94 – 99, 144 – 45, 147, 151,
154; as unsupervised and out of control, 63.
See also elites; foreign hajj pilgrims; poor hajj
pilgrims
hajj sponsorship, Russian, 1 – 6, 185 – 86;
1907 – 8 hajj season, 114 – 18, 121, 125; as
decentralized and semisecret, 19, 88, 101,
151; development of services in Syria, 35 – 46;
economic incentives for, 87, 89; force and
coercion of pilgrims, 140 – 46, 151; goals
of, 9 – 10, 72 – 73, 86 – 87, 147 – 49, 156; laws
and regulations, 108 – 14, 117 – 19, 129 – 30;
as mechanism of imperial integration and
expansion, 3, 10 – 13, 19 – 20, 36, 84 – 85,
156, 184 – 85; newspaper articles promoting
services, 72; officials’ attitudes toward hajj
sponsorship, 64 – 66, 151 – 53; officials’ coor-
dination of hajj services, 107, 154; origins
of, 20, 23 – 24, 30 – 35; restrictions and efforts
to discourage the hajj, 37 – 38, 43, 55 – 57,
60 – 61, 64 – 66, 149. See also hajj infrastruc-
ture; passports