236 Index
hajj sponsorship, Soviet, 14 – 15, 157 – 59;
backlash against, 180; coordination
among authorities, 170; end of, 182; goals
of, 160 – 62; housing in Odessa, 166 – 67;
ideological implications, 180 – 81; laws on,
176 – 77; logistical problems, 178 – 80; plan
for, 162 – 66; political potential of, 173 – 74,
176, 178; recruitment of pilgrims, 167,
171 – 73; transit conditions, 169, 174 – 75,
178 – 80
hard currency, 165 – 66, 173, 175 – 78
Harvey, David, 12, 202 n 24
Hejaz railway, 5 ; connecting Damascus and
Medina, 10 ; special cars, 111
Hejaz region, 28; Ottoman control over, 60,
69 – 70, 90; report on, 82
“Hejaz steamships,” 1, 111 , 111 – 16, 113 , 115 ,
150 – 51, 154. See also steamships
holy sites and shrines, 27, 49 – 52, 174, 201 n 9;
Shiʿi Muslims, 43 – 44, 48, 83, 201 n 7.
See also Constantinople; Jerusalem; Mecca;
Medina
Hurgronje, Snouck, 78
Husayn-Ibn Saud war, 161
Ibragimov, Shahimardan Miriasovich, 69 – 70,
204 n 74
Ibrahim, Abdürreşid, 14, 144 – 45, 186
Ignatʹev, N. P., 61 – 67, 209 n 55
Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS),
26, 87 – 88, 102, 106
India, 83, 169, 172; hajj centralization, 126.
See also routes to Mecca
Indonesia, 78, 197 n 19
infectious diseases, 48, 55 – 56, 67, 92, 125, 140,
152, 170. See also cholera outbreaks; sanitary
threats
intelligence gathering, 37 – 38, 40, 43, 77 – 82.
See also mapping the hajj
Intourist, 165
IOPS. See Imperial Orthodox Palestine
Society
Irkeshtam, 178
Ishaev, Shakirdzhan, 78 – 81
Islamic law, 122; courts, 40
Islamic studies, 4 – 5, 11 – 13, 193 nn 6 – 7
Israel, 26
Istanbul, 28, 168. See also Constantinople
itineraries, 49 – 51, 93; influence of modern
transport on, 54; pilgrims’ choice of, 164,
171; Russian control over, 86, 113 – 14;
Russian information-gathering on, 48, 55,
106; Soviet control over, 174; and steamship
service, 99; through Constantinople, 57 – 59.
See also routes to Mecca
Ivanov, I. A., 74 – 76, 81Jaffa, 114
Jeddah: cholera outbreaks, 13, 64 – 65; European
consulates, 24; European services, 14; Russian
consulate, 46, 48, 68 – 79, 88, 93, 102, 116;
Soviet consulate, 158, 163; Soviet recruitment
of hajj pilgrims, 167; steamship service, 83,
104, 111, 114, 116, 122, 149 – 50, 154
Jerusalem: European consulates, 24; holy sites,
10, 49 – 51, 50 , 53; Russian Compound, 87.
See also Russian Orthodox pilgrimage to
Jerusalem
Jewish population, Russian, 2, 11, 66. See also
anti-Semitism
Jubilee Indian Pilgrims Relief Fund, 60Kandahar, 172
Karbala: Russian consulate, 48; Shiʿi holy sites,
43, 83, 201 n 7
Kashgar pilgrims, 113 – 14, 161 – 62, 172 – 73, 175
Kaufman, K. P. von, 64, 66
Kazakh steppe, 2
Kazikumukh, 31 – 35, 32 , 39
khadzhikhane. See Odessa hajj complex
Khakimov, Karim Abdraufovich, 161 – 62, 182
Khalid, Adeeb, 70, 194 n 9
Kharkov, 147
Kishinev Pogrom, 105
KOMOCHUM (Commission on Measures for
Prevention and Struggle against the Plague,
Cholera, and Yellow Fever), 89, 107
Kotsebu, P. E., 65 – 66
Kuropatkin, A. N., 82
Kushka, 170, 173 – 74, 182Lamsdorf, V. N., 107 – 8
Lenin, Vladimir, 157, 159
Levitskii, A.D., 13, 70, 74 – 78, 89 – 90, 92
lodging houses (tekkes), 57, 62, 67, 74, 75 – 76.
See also Odessa hajj complex