238 Index
Ottoman Empire: Arab provinces, 10, 14, 24,
42, 69; collapse of, 24, 161, 164; control over
Hejaz region, 60, 69 – 70, 90; estate cases, 40,
62 – 63, 75 – 77; and European imperialism,
2, 6, 24 – 26, 42, 45 – 46, 91, 156, 160 – 62; hajj
sponsorship, 28, 75 – 77, 102, 116; imperial
caravans, 9, 15, 17, 27, 52 (see also Cairo hajj
caravan; Damascus hajj caravan); investiture
ceremonies, 18, 28, 57; political revolutions,
121; resistance to European consuls in Ara-
bia, 76 – 77; resistance to European hajj spon-
sorship, 75 – 77; Russo-Ottoman treaties, 21,
196 n 2; steamship tickets for poor pilgrims,
68, 126; sultan’s role as “protector” of the hajj
and Holy Cities, 27
Ottoman Syria, 10, 20, 24 – 27, 35, 45 – 46
Pan-Islamism, 3, 9, 48, 86, 121, 143, 152, 186
Pan-Turkism, 121, 143
Paris Sanitary Convention (1894), 75
passports: 1857 passport law, 61; applications
by Soviet Muslims, 181; applications by the
poor, 56 – 57; cost of, 37 – 38, 61, 65, 105 – 6;
Dutch policy, 197 n 19; for foreign hajj pil-
grims, 163; illegal travel without, 83, 92, 153;
obtained in Black Sea ports, 106, 149; Persian
government policy, 171; “pilgrim passports,”
108, 109 ; restrictions on, 55 – 57, 64 – 65; use
in mapping and regulating hajj traffic, 23, 36,
38 – 39, 70, 72 – 73, 83
Penza, 132; railway station, 124
Persia, 2, 6, 21, 163, 181; passport policy, 171;
political revolutions, 121; Russian treaties
with, 21; Soviet hajj campaign in, 170 – 72
Persian Muslims, 22, 30, 95, 162, 167, 170 – 72,
179
“Pilgrimage-Sanitary Khadzhikhane (Lodging
House),” 117
pilgrim-guides, 48, 79 – 80, 168, 173, 182; cavus,
92
pilgrims. See hajj pilgrims; Russian Orthodox
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Pleve, V. K., 105 – 10
political threats, 9, 44, 48, 67 – 68, 89, 121
poor hajj pilgrims, 7, 36, 81; access to trans-
portation, 54; exploitation of, 124; finan-
cial assistance for, 59 – 61, 63 – 65, 203 n 43;
free tickets for, 116, 125 – 26; passport
applications by, 56 – 57; stranded, 60, 64,
73; use of state-sponsored Black Sea routes,
153 – 54. See also hajj pilgrims
Port Pilgrim Commission, 146
ports. See Black Sea ports; Caspian Sea ports
public health, 83, 87, 130. See also sanitary rules
and procedures; sanitary threats
Putin, Vladimir, 183 – 84quarantine facilities, 14, 56, 59, 72, 75, 153 – 54;
border stations, 170; in Feodosiia, 109, 119;
observation posts, 89; in Odessa, 98 , 133,
141, 145, 164racism, 144, 147
railroads, modern, 3, 7 – 8, 53 – 54
railroads, Russian state-owned, 9, 11, 47, 83,
124, 204 n 62; conditions on, 92 – 98, 103, 125,
129 – 30; cost of long-distance travel, 207 n 18;
“hajj cars,” 125, 146, 151; modernization
and expansion of, 90 – 92; revenue from hajj
traffic, 87, 89 – 90; subsidies for hajj transport,- See also Hejaz railway; Tashkent-Oren-
burg-Odessa railroad; trans-Caspian rail-
road; trans-Caucasian railroad; trans-Sibe-
rian railroad
railroads, Soviet, conditions on, 174 – 75
Randolph, John W., 200 n 5
Red Crescent, 180
religious equality, 120 – 22, 130 – 31, 143
religious scholars, 49, 54, 57
religious toleration, 1, 9, 22, 43, 61, 64 – 65, 131, 148
Roff, William, 9
ROPiT (Russian Steamship Company), 89, 117,
128, 149 – 50, 165, 177; advertisements, 93,
111 , 111 – 13, 113 , 150 , 154, 208 n 25; combi-
nation tickets, 93 – 94, 99, 110; competition
with Volunteer Fleet, 102 – 3, 141 – 42, 144,
147; founding of, 207 n 13; “Persian Line,” 91;
Sevastopol service, 142, 150; ticket sales and
prices, 99 – 100; travel conditions, 116
routes to Mecca, 4, 18, 35, 48, 55, 70 – 85, 106;
Central Asian, 71 , 152 ; from Damascus, 28;
dangerous conditions, 29 – 37, 45; influ-
ence of modern transport on, 54; informal
Muslim networks on, 83, 93 – 94, 153, 167;
informal Turkic networks on, 53; from
Kazikumukh, 31 ; old land routes, 94, 100,