240 Index
Soviet consulates, 158, 163, 179 – 80
Soviet Muslims: blocked from making the
hajj, 158, 163, 181 – 82; demand for access to
Mecca, 181; as political agents, 163
Soviet Trade Agency, 167
Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars),
176, 178
Sovtorgflot (Soviet merchant fleet), 158,
163 – 82; advertisements, 169, 172, 178;
advertising, 167; housing for hajj pilgrims,
167 – 68; instructions for hajj transport,
177 – 78; leadership in hajj plan, 163 – 65;
recruitment of pilgrims, 171 – 72; transit
conditions, 174 – 75, 178 – 79
Srudzhi, Muhammad Ali, 80 – 82
Stalin, 158, 165 – 66, 175, 182
State Council, 105 – 8, 209 n 54, 209 n 68
steamships, modern, 3, 7 , 7 – 8, 53 – 54; canceled
service during cholera outbreak, 64 – 65;
foreign companies, 144, 208 n 25; syndicate in
Jeddah, 104
steamships, Russian state-owned, 9, 47, 124,
149 – 50; conditions on, 82, 92 – 93, 103,
113 – 14, 119, 154; modernization and expan-
sion, 90 – 92; revenues from hajj traffic, 87,
89 – 90, 104, 128 – 29, 149; special commission
on hajj transport, 109 – 14; subsidies for hajj
transport, 110. See also “Hejaz steamships”;
ROPiT; Sovtorgflot; Volunteer Fleet
Stolypin, P. A., 118 – 22, 129 – 31, 133 – 35, 142,
145 – 46, 154
St. Petersburg, 153 – 54
Suez Canal, 54, 83, 104
Sultanov, Mufti, 13
Sunni Muslims, 2, 25
surre (“imperial purses”), 28, 57
Syria, 24 – 27, 183; Egyptian occupation, 29 – 30;
European colonial interests in, 25, 30; hajj
routes through, 29 – 41, 45 – 46; Russian
consular network, 25, 30 – 35
Syrtlanov, Shakhaydar, 127 – 28
Tabriz, 179 – 80
Tashkent, 73, 78; “Muslim station” (musulʹman-
skii vokzal), 126, 132, 146, 147
Tashkent-Orenburg-Odessa railroad, 114, 116,
118, 124 – 25, 127, 146
Tauride region, 56
tekkes. See lodging houses
Tekkiya (Damascus), 28
“Temporary Rules for the Muslim Pilgrimage”
(State Council), 105 – 8
Terdzhuman, 149, 208 n 25
Tiflis, 23, 31, 59
Titov, V. P., 33 – 34, 39, 41 – 46
Tiuriakulov, N. T., 177, 182, 216 n 19
Tolmachev, I. N., 116 – 17, 119, 132 – 34, 140,
142, 145
trans-Caspian railroad, 94, 95 , 97, 97 , 204 n 62
trans-Caucasian railroad, 94 – 95, 204 n 62
transit visas, 179 – 80. See also passports
transport, modern, 53 – 54, 90 – 92. See also
railroads; steamships
trans-Siberian railroad, 91, 125, 153
travel and tourism industry, 126
travel writing, 51
Turkestan, 48, 64 – 65, 72 – 74, 78, 83, 101;
émigré community in Jeddah, Mecca, and
Medina, 79 – 81; Muslim elites, 123 – 24; Rus-
sian Empire conquest of, 76; Soviet conquest
of, 160
Turkic-language newspapers, 143
Turkistan wilayatining gazeti, 69 – 73
Turner, Victor and Edith, 212 n 32Ufa Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Muham-
madan Creed, 194 n 10. See also Orenburg
Muhammadan Ecclesiastical Assembly
United Agency of the Volunteer Fleet and the
Russian Society for Steam Navigation and
Trade, 149
United States, area studies, 193 n 6
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics):
antireligious campaigns, 157 – 58; consulates,
158, 163, 179 – 80; creation of, 157; cultural
diplomacy, 159, 165 – 66, 174, 176; currency
policy, 168 – 69, 175 – 76; domestic tourism,
165 – 66, 181; hard currency policies, 165 – 66,
168 – 69, 173, 175 – 78; historical scholarship
on, 4 – 5; industrialization, 165; intelligence
gathering, 161, 163; territory, 215 n 2. See also
hajj sponsorship; Soviet Muslims; SovtorgflotVa g i t, 142 – 45
Vienna, 153 – 54
Volga-Ural region, 2