Advances in Role and Reference Grammar

A SYNOPSIS OF ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR 105

(98) a. Ija ja hud-ig-a eu nu uqa sab

lsG fire open-lsG-TPAST that for 3SG food

mane-i-a. Subordination

roast-3sG-TPAST

"Because I lit the fire, she cooked the food."

b. Uqa sab mane-i-a ija ja hud-ig-a eu nu.

3sG food roast-3sG-TPAST ISG fire open-lsG-TPAST that for

"She cooked the food because I lit the fire."

(99) a. Ija ja hud-ig-a qa uqa sab mane-i-a. Coordina-

ISG fire open-1SG-TPAST but 3SG food roast-3sG-TPAST tion

"I lit the fire but she cooked the food."

b. * Uqa sab mane-i-a ija ja hud-ig-a qa.

3SG food roast-3sG-TPAST ISG fire open-lsG-TPAST but

(100) *Dana age qu-ig-a ho busale-ce-b. Switch-reference

man 3PL hit-3pL-TPAST pig run.away-Ds-3sG

Second, a pronoun in an initial subordinate clause can be coreferential with
a full NP in the following matrix clause, but this is not possible in coordi­
nate or SR structures.

(101) a. {Uqa) ja hud-i-a eu nu Mary{ sab

(3SG) fire open-3sG-TPAST that for food

mane-i-a. Subordination

roast-3sG-TPAST

"Because shei lit the fire, Mary¡ cooked the food."

b. * (Uqa) ho-ix-a qaFredx sab qee

(3SG) come-3sG-TPAST but food NEG

je-l-0v Coordination

eat-NEGPAST-3sG

*"Hej came, but Fred¡ didn't eat the food."

 *(Uqa) bil-i-me- Fredxje-i-a. Switch-reference

(3SG) SÍt-PRED-SS-3sG eat-3sG-TPAST

*"He¡ sat and Fred¡ ate."

With respect to these phenomena, then, SR constructions behave like coor­
dinate structures, not subordinate clauses. Thus, SR constructions in
Amele are examples of neither subordination or simple coordination.