Advances in Role and Reference Grammar

A SYNOPSIS OF ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR 125

argument, and the non-macrorole direct core argument receives dative
marking, following (61c), which is a universal default case marking rule
(see Silverstein, this volume). The only complication that nuclear junctures
of this type adds to the linking scheme is the specification that when there
are two effectors, as in (112b), the effector of the superordinate CAUSE
outranks the embedded effector for actor.^59
The primary complexities relate to core junctures, in particular the
non-subordinate types. In core subordination, the embedded LS is linked to
the embedded syntactic unit, normally a clause, and the matrix LS is linked
to the matrix clause; each is linked independently of the other. This is not
the case in non-subordinate core junctures, in which the two cores must
share a core argument. The obligatory sharing of a core argument is the
criterial feature of these linkages, and "sharing" is defined formally in
terms of the linking scheme. The universal syntactic manifestation of this
"sharing" is the lack of a syntactic argument position in the linked core in
the construction.^60 The missing, shared argument is the pivot of the con­
struction. This will be discussed in detail in the following sections.

7.2 Non-subordinate core junctures

The linking scheme for core junctures in English was discussed extensively

in FVV, section 6.5, and consequently only the major points will be sum­

marized here. Co(sub)ordinate core junctures fall into two major

categories, which were labelled "equi" and "raising" in traditional transfor­

mational grammar. Since RRG posits only one level of syntactic represen­

tation and no transformational rules, these constructions are handled with­

out invoking deletion rules or syntactic raising rules.

7.2.1 "Equi" constructions and obligatory control

Classic examples of this type of non-subordinate core juncture are given in

(113).

(113) a. John tried to clean the clock.

b. Mary persuaded John to clean the clock.

 Mary promised John to clean the clock.

The syntactic structure of (113a) is the same as in Figure 30, while (113b,c)

have the structure in Figure 31. The LS for each of these sentences is pre­

sented in (114).