Advances in Role and Reference Grammar

126 ROBERT D. VAN VALIN, JR.

(114) a. try' (John, [[do' (John)] CAUSE [BECOME clean' (clock)]])

b. [say' (Mary, John)] CAUSE [BECOME want' (John, [[do'

(John)] CAUSE [BECOME clean' (clock)]])

 [say' (Mary, John)] CAUSE [BECOME obligated' (Mary,

[[do' (Mary)] CAUSE [BECOME clean' (clock)]])

The revised linking procedure for English, based on (86), is given in (115),

and the Completeness Constraint [CC] is repeated in (116).

(115) Linking from Logical Structure to Syntactic Structure

1. Determine the semantic roles of the arguments, based on
   their position in the decomposed semantic structure.


2. Determine actor and undergoer assignments, following the
   Α-U Hierarchy in (25).


3. Assign pragmatic functions (topic, focus) to the elements in
   the clause.


4. Assign actor and undergoer to specific morphosyntactic func­
   tions.
   a. This is language-specific (see 39).
   b. In syntactically accusative languages, the accessibility to
   pivot is A > U.


5. Assign the remaining core arguments their appropriate case
   markers/prepositions.


6. If there is a focus NP which is [+WH], then assign it to the
   PCS.
   (116) Completeness Constraint: all of the arguments explicitly
   specified in the logical structure of a verb must be realized syn­
   tactically in any clause containing that verb, and all of the argu­
   ments in the syntax must be linked to an argument position in a
   LS.
   The only additional statements required for the linking are first, the specifi­
   cation that two arguments from distinct LS may be linked to the same mor­
   phosyntactic function if and only if they are identical, and second, the
   theory of control. This theory was proposed in FVV, section 6.5, and has
   been elaborated in Cutrer (1987, this volume). It is summarized in (117).
   (117) Theory of obligatory control
   a. Causative and directive speech act verbs have undergoer
   control.
   b. All other verbs have actor control.