Advances in Role and Reference Grammar

A SYNOPSIS OF ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR 133

guistically, their occurrence in a language must be exceptional in some way,
and the marked property that underlies this construction is the mismatch
between the semantics of verbs like believe and their syntactic transitivity
when they function as complement-taking predicates.
The linking from syntax to semantics does not involve the theory of
control, unlike "equi" constructions, and the modification of (118) that is
required is the statement given in 4b in (121).
(121) Linking from Syntactic Structure to Logical Structure (Revised)

1. Ascertain the voice of a transitive verb:
   a. If it is active, the pivot is an actor.
   b. If it is passive, the pivot is an undergoer; the actor may
   appear in the periphery marked by an adposition or an
   oblique case, as in English by.


2. Retrieve the LS of the predicate in the nucleus from the lex­
   icon and with respect to it execute steps (1) and (2) from 115
   above, subject to the following proviso:
   a. When there is more than one choice for the undergoer,
   execute steps (b) and (c) below instead of assigning under-
   goerhood.
   b. With respect to the LS, execute step (1) from (115) and
   determine actor only.
    With respect to the sentence being analyzed, determine
   the semantic roles of the non-macrorole core arguments
   from their case marking/adposition; if the non-macrorole
   core argument is marked by a locative adposition, link it
   with the first argument position in the state predicate in
   the LS; otherwise, link it to the second argument position.


3. Link actor with actor, undergoer with undergoer, remaining
   semantic role(s) with remaining semantic role(s).


4. In non-subordinate core junctures:
   a. If there is a fully linked syntactic representation but an
   unlinked argument in the embedded LS, the theory of
   control determines which core argument of the matrix
   core is associated with the unlinked argument position in
   the embedded LS.
   b. If, for a direct core argument in the matrix core, there is
   no argument position in the LS of the verb corresponding