184 L. MICHELLE CUTRER
transfer, the actor, which is an effector-recipient, is controller. The change
in the verb's function is determined by the number of arguments. However,
pragmatic factors, that is, real world knowledge, may suggest a recipient
controller where one is not overtly realized. This issue will be discussed in
the following section.
3.1.2.2.4 Unrealized recipient controllers
With verbs such as provide and send, the recipient remains controller
whether or not it is syntactically realized. Consider (37) taken from
Nishigauchi.
(37) The University provides a library to work in.
In (37), the recipient is unrealized; that is, there is a semantic slot for the
recipient in the logical structure of the predicate, but the filler of that slot is
unspecified in the syntactic structure. The recipient controller is thus pro
vided by the missing recipient slot, by our lexical knowledge that verbs such
as provide and send always have a recipient whether realized or not. In the
interpretation of this missing argument, however, real world knowledge
suggests only a limited class that could function as the recipient, those per
sons with some relationship to the university or who might work in the
library. Verbs such as provide, send, and give always encode a "transfer of
possession". There is always a recipient argument in the semantic represen
tation, whether syntactically realized or not.
3.1.2.2.5 Real world knowledge and evoked recipients
As we will see below, real world knowledge may also suggest the existence
of a recipient controller with verbs such as bring, which do not, in general,
have a recipient, unless the recipient is syntactically realized.
(38) John brought wine to drink.
For many speakers, the controller of to drink in (38) may be interpreted as
a plural group which may or may not include John. Context or real world
knowledge, in this instance, may affect the interpretation. We can easily
construct a scenario where John is taking the wine to some type of social
occasion. It is part of our cultural knowledge that one usually brings bever
ages to social occasions, not for oneself alone, but to share with others. This
real world knowledge can evoke some other recipient group or group plus
John as controller. Notice that a sentence such as (39) does not so easily