332 LAURA Α. MICHAELIS
undergoer. The behavior of the passive in Latin provides support for the
argument that the choice of pivot in Latin "is not strictly semantically deter
mined but is in part discourse determined" (Foley & Van Valin 1984). The
use of passive to promote an undergoer to subject position is exemplified in
(22a') and (25'):
(22) a'. Sedarbitror sustineri remos, cum inhibere
but (I)believe be-held-back(iNF) oars(A) when inhibit(iNF)
essent remiges iussi.
were oarsmen(N) ordered(iNF)
"But I had believed that the oars were held back when the
oarsmen were given the order to inhibit." Cic. Att. 13,21,3
(25) a'. Naves... sexaginta tres inportu expugnatae
ships(N) sixty-three in port(Aß) attacked(N) and
captaeque quaedam cum suis oneribus,
captured(N) some(N) with their(Aß) cargoes(Aß):
frumento, armis...
wheat(Aß) arms(Aß)
"Sixty-three ships were attacked and captured in port, some
with their cargoes — wheat, arms..." Liv. 26,47,9
b'. Templa iubet fieri Veneri.
temples(N) (she)orders be-made(iNF) Venus(ö)
"She ordered temples to be built to Venus." Ov. Fast. 4,159
c'. ...fierique studebam eius prudentia
become(iNF) and (I)endeavored he(G) wisdom(Aß)
doctior.
wiser
"...and I endeavored to become more learned by his wis
dom." Cic. Lael. 1,1
d'. Dominus navibus Massiliam pervenit atque ab
Domitius(N) ships(Aß) Massilia(A) arrives and by
eis urbi praeficitur.
they(Aß) city(ö) is-installed
"Domitius reaches Massilia by ship and is placed in com
mand of the city by them [the inhabitants]." Caes. B.C. 1,36
Sentence (22a') demonstrates that accusative-infinitive complements of
verba sentiendi ac declarandi allow undergoers to function as pivots — that