ATTRIBUTIVES AND IDENTIFICATIONALS 449In summary, with respect to auxiliary selection, essere is considered the
default auxiliary, occurring in all constructions in which the condition given
in (30) for avere is not met — in this case, attributives and identificationals
pattern with objectives since they do not satisfy the condition in (30). With
respect to ne-cliticization, the default condition is the absence of n-clitici-
zation, with ne-cliticization occurring only under the condition stated in (36/
37) — in this case, attributives and identificationals pattern with subjec
tives, since they do not satisfy the condition in (36/37). Overall, then, sub
jects of attributive and identificational constructions do not fall under state
ments of distributional requirements which refer to typical actors (like aux
iliary selection) or to typical undergoers (like n-cliticization).^14
4. Cross-linguistic patterns of attributive/identificational constructions
4.1 FrenchIn French, attributive and identificational constructions pattern consistently
with subjectives with respect to //-inversion constructions as well as with
respect to their auxiliary selection and with respect to the non-occurrence
of en with quantified NPs. (38)-(43) show this pattern for //-inversion and
en.
(38) Il est arrivé trois amis.
IL are arrived three friends
"Three friends arrived."
(39) *Il est heureux trois amis.
IL are happy three friends
"Three friends are happy."
(40) *Il est étudiant trois amis.
IL are students three friends
"Three friends are students."
(41) Il en est arrivé trois.
IL of-them are arrived three
"Three of them arrived."
(42) *Il en sont heureux trois.
IL of-them are happy three
"Three of them are happy"