Advances in the Study of Bilingualism

Stop + /l/
Performance on stop + /l/ clusters was generally excellent, with per-
fect or near-perfect productions from the earliest age in both languages,
including the Welsh-specific cluster /tl/. The only exception is /pl/ in the
English word set which showed significant improvements over time
(F(6,34) = 3.674, p = 0.006), with consistently accurate productions from
the age of 3;6.

12 Part 1: Bilingual Speech

Table 1.3 Percent correct production of 29 English consonant clusters by age and
language dominance

Age 2;6–3;0 3;0–3;6 3;6–4;0 4;0–4;6 4;6–5;0 5;0–5;6 5;6–6;0

Dominance WEWEWEWEWEWEWE

 92 67 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 33 33 67 50 83 100 100 63 100 100 100 100 92 100

 83 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 67 67 83 83 75 50 100 13 100 100 100 100 100 100

 83 100 100 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 33 50 83 33 83 67 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100

 33 17 83 83 83 83 100 63 100 100 100 100 100 100

 67 83 100 92 100 50 100 63 100 100 100 100 92 92

 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 33 17 50 67 67 50 100 63 100 92 100 100 100 100

 100 92 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 100 100 100 100 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 50 33 83 83 83 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 92 100 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 33 33 67 33 50 0 100 0 100 50 100 100 100 50

 17 8 17 33 33 33 33 0 50 50 50 67 33 100

 83 100 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 67 50 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 83 67 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 92 100 92 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 83 100 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 17 33 33 33 50 67 67 75 100 50 100 67 100 33

 33 50 83 50 92 83 100 75 83 100 100 100 100 100

 83 100 67 100 100 100 100 100 83 100 100 100 83 92

 33 33 33 33 50 8 100 63 100 67 100 67 100 75

 17 33 50 33 67 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 17 17 67 67 75 67 100 75 83 83 100 75 83 100