/sn/ (F(6,34) = 4.84, p < 0.001), with a few erroneous realisations in the
youngest age group but consistently accurate ones thereafter.
/s/ + stop + sonorant
Significant age effects were found for the Welsh three-element clusters
/sdr/, /sgr/ and /sgl/ (/sdr/: F(6,34) = 3.223, p = 0.013; /sgr/: F(6,34) = 4.361,
p = 0.002; /sgl/: F(6,34) = 3.061, p = 0.017). Note that performance on /sgr/
is not merely a function of age, but also language dominance (see below for
details). On the English words, significant improvements across the age
groups were found for /spl/ (F(6,34) = 9.941, p < 0.001), /skr/ (F(6,34) = 8.898,
p < 0.001), /spr/ (F(6,34) = 18.308, p < 0.001) and /str/ (F(6,34) = 8.336,
p < 0.0 01). Welsh /sgw/ and English /skw/, on the other hand, did not show
any age effects, with predominantly target-like productions from the outset.
/g/ + /w/ + sonorant
Finally, the Welsh-specific clusters /gwr/ and /gwn/ showed significant
age effects (/gwr/ (F(6,34) = 2.903, p = 0.021; /gwn/: (F(6,34) = 2.903,
p = 0.021). Note that age and dominance were found to interact on these
clusters, with Welsh-dominant bilinguals consistently outperforming their
English-dominant counterparts (see below).
Effects of dominance
Inspection of Table 1.2 shows that the Welsh-dominant bilinguals were
more accurate on the majority of Welsh clusters than the English-dominant
bilinguals. However, the difference between the two groups only reached
significance on three of them: /sgr/ (F(1,39) = 6.628, p = 0.014), /gwr/
(F(1,39) = 11.4 48, p = 0.002) and /gwn/ (F(1,39) = 9.227, p = 0.004).
Significant dominance effects were also found on the English words.
Thus, the English-dominant bilinguals performed significantly better on
/sp/ (F(1,39) = 5.188, p = 0.028), /sw/ (F(1,39) = 4.476, p = 0.041)and /skw/
(F(1,39) = 7.1 2 3 , p = 0.011). Inspection of Table 1.4 indicates, however, that,
despite a few erroneous realisations by younger Welsh-dominant bilinguals,
both dominance groups performed well on these clusters. On the other hand,
the Welsh-dominant bilinguals were significantly more accurate on English
/fr/ (F(1,39) = 5.188, p = 0.028) and /skr/ (F(1,39) = 6.282, p = 0.016), with
consistently accurate productions from the age of 4;0. The English-dominant
bilinguals, in contrast, only managed to produce /fr/ entirely accurately in
the 5;0-5;6 age band and failed to achieve complete accuracy on /skr/
altogether.
Correlations
In order to investigate whether cluster production in one language is
related to cluster production in the other, a series of correlation analyses was
carried out across the 20 clusters shared by Welsh and English. The results
revealed significant positive correlations for /pr/ (r = 0.645, p < 0.001), /br/
(r = 0.458, p = 0.003), /tr/ (r = 0.677, p < 0.001), /kr/ (r = 0.757, p < 0.001),
14 Part 1: Bilingual Speech