A Linguistics Workbook, 4th Edition

Conjunction (see Linguistics, pp. 179-1 8 1)

X and Y

X and Y must be of the same category (as for instance in He threw the pen

[pp through the window] and [pp onto the floor]). For example, if out the garbage is

a PP in Sally threw out the garbage, then it should be possible to conjoin another

PP-say, into the can-with it. But the resulting sentence is ungrammatical: *Sally

threw out the garbage and into the can. Conclusion: out the garbage is not a PP.

The relevant structure for the VP is again shown to be I, not 11.

Particle Movement transformation (see Linguistics, pp. 198-201)

SD: X - V - Particle - NP - Y

12 3 4 5+

SC: 1 2 Q) 4+3 5

(or: V NP + Particle)

If the cleft and conjunction tests have failed to yield a grammatical sentence,

then this predicts that the sentence in question involves an instance of the

verb + particle construction (structure I) and that the Particle Movement

transformation should be able to apply. In our example, applying Particle

Movement to Sally threw out the garbage indeed produces a grammatical sentence

(Sally threw the garbage out), indicating again that threw out the garbage is an

instance of structure I.

Questions

Apply the three constituent structure tests to sentences 1-6 to determine which

structure (I or 11) is correct for each one. In the spaces provided, state which

structure is correct for each sentence and give the evidence for your answer (i.e.,

mention the results of the tests).

1.

Cleft:

Conjunction:

Particle Movement:

2.

Cleft:

Conjunction:

Particle Movement: