A Linguistics Workbook, 4th Edition

3 Transcription Key

Consonants

Labio- Inter- Dental, Alveo-

Bilabial dental dental alveolar Retroflex palatal Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops

Fricatives

Afiicates

Nasals

Liquids

voiceless

voiced

voiceless

voiced

voiceless

voiced

lateral

nonlateral

Glides

Additional symbols
CY = palatalized consonant (for example, ty = palatalized t)
C' = glottalized consonant (for example, t' = glottalized (or ejective) t)
' = glottal stop in some transcription systems

Vowels, unrounded P - Vowels, rounded

Front Central Back Front Central Back

High Tense i
Lax I

High Tense y (ii)

Lax

Mid Tense e (e~)
Lax E da)

Mid Tense 0 (6)

Lax

Low a= a (a~, au)

Additional symbols
V: = long vowel
v = nasalized vowel
= syllabic r. A tick mark under certain resonants (r, l, m, etc.) indicates that the consonant functions
as a vowel-like sound.
There are two ways of transcribing the long vowels of English: i, e, o, u and i, er, ou, U. Because
diphthongs cannot be represented as a single point on a vowel chart, we represent them in terns of the
position of their initial vowel.