Closed class categories 83
determines whether it is to be interpreted as first, second, or third person. The
alternative is to combine the appropriate pronoun with the quantifier kabbi ‘all’,
as in (68).
(68) sengko' kabbi ‘we’
ba'na kabbi ‘you’
aba'na kabbi ‘they’
As there is no case marking on NPs in Madurese, with the exception of
the first person singular possessive, the same pronominal forms are used for any
grammatical role. The sentences in (69-72) illustrate.
(69) a. Sengko' entar dha' Lombok.
I went to Lombok
‘I went to Lombok.’
b. Ba'na melle buku.
you AV.buy book
‘You bought a book.’
(70) a. Embi' rowa ngekke' sengko'.
goat that AV.bite me
‘That goat bit me.’
b. Ali nenggu ba'na.
Ali AV.watch you
‘Ali watches you.’
(71) a. Pa' guru a-berri' buku ka sengko'.
Mr teacher AV-give book to me
‘The teacher gave a book to me.’
b. Ebu' ngerem paket ka ba'na.
mother AV.send package to you
‘Mother sent a package to you.’
(72) a. Tang koceng ngeco' juko'.
my cat AV.steal fish
‘My cat stole the fish.’
b. Koceng-nga ba'na ngeco' juko'.
cat-DEF you AV. steal fish
‘Your cat stole the fish.’