84 Chapter 3 Lexical categories
Finally, as is true of many languages in the area, personal names and
terms of address can serve as pronouns. For example, the sentence in (73) can
unexceptionally be uttered by the narrator in reference to himself as he tells a
story, and thus is translated here in the first person.
(73) Se e-ka-dungeng-a bapa' sateya, oreng penter jareya se
REL OV-KA-story-IRR father now person smart this REL
badha neng Napo.
exist at Napo
‘The story I will tell you now is about this smart person who lived in
Napo.’
A more detailed look at this and other aspects of anaphora is included in Chap-
ter 13.
2.5 Demonstratives
In addition to the pronouns just discussed, Madurese includes deictic demonstr-
atives that can also function as pronouns. Although there are just two basic dis-
tinctions made in demonstratives, there are many variants of these, some due to
dialect and some due to speech style (formal vs. informal). The forms are:
(74) a. proximal: reya, areya, jareya, jariya, jiya, jeh
b. distal: rowa, arowa, juwa
Demonstratives may specify nouns in NPs, as in preceding sentences and the
following:
(75) Koceng jiya ngeco' tang juko'.
cat this AV.steal my fish
‘This cat stole my fish.’
(76) Ke Pegke jiya dujan a-leng-keleleng neng ponduk jiya.
Ke Pegke this like AV-RED-around at school this
‘Ke Pegke liked to walk around the school.’
In (75), jiya specifies that the koceng ‘cat’ being discussed is physically prox-
imate to the speaker (or has very recently been mentioned in the discourse). In
(76) there are two instances of jiya. The second, in ponduk jiya ‘this school’,
specifies not that the religious school is close to the speaker but that it is the
school that the speaker has just referred to, and so the proximal form is used.
The first instanc in (76), Ke Pegke jiya, illustrates the fact that demonstratives