Closed class categories 85
are often used with names, in this instance again specifying that this is a person
that the speaker has referred to earlier. Demonstratives can also be used to iden-
tify a person as being proximate or distant from the speaker.
Demonstratives can also be used pronominally; they are, in fact, the only
available pronominal forms for inanimate objects.
(77) Sengko' ng-angguy reya banne rowa.
I AV-use this no that
‘I used this one, not that one.’
(78) Jiya sala manes.
this yet sweet
‘Nevertheless they are sweet.’
In (77), an answer to the question ‘Which pen did you use?’, riya ‘this’ and
rowa ‘that’ refer to pens on a table near the speaker. Here the distal form rowa
is used because compared to the first pen it is farther from the speaker. And in
(78), jiya refers to a type of banana currently being described by the speaker.
The position of demonstrative in NPs is taken up in Chapter 7.
2.6 Numerals and quantifiers
Madurese numerals and quantifiers are used both as specifiers in NPs and as
predicates themselves. The numbers 1-9 have full, abbreviated, and clitic forms.
(79) full abbreviated clitic
(citation form)
1 settong^2 tong, sa'^ sa^
2 dhuwa' wa' dhu
3 tello' lo' tello
4 empa' pa' pa'
5 lema' ma' lema
6 ennem nem nem
7 petto' to' pettong
8 ballu' lu' ballung
9 sanga' nga' sangang
The use of a numeral or its position with respect to the quantified entity deter-
mines which form occurs. While the full forms can be used in counting, it is
more usual for speakers to use the abbreviated forms. Either the full form or the
(^2) In the Western dialect, the form sittung also occurs and is preferred by some speakers.