92 Chapter 3 Lexical categories
In (98), ra serves to emphasize the negative imperative:
(98) Ja' nanges, ra!
don’t cry EMPH
‘Don’t cry!’
The uses of me' and sala are illustrated in (99-100).
(99) Arapa me’ e-nyama-e pangpang se pangantan?
why EMPH OV-name-E column REL wedding.procession
‘Why did they call it ‘pang-pang se pangantan’?’
(100) Sala lo’ mandhi yang-seyang-nga.
EMPH not bathe RED-noon-DEF
He did not bathe in the afternoon.’
In (99), the speaker (a storyteller here) uses me' to signal his belief that the lis-
tener(s) will have some doubt about what the column in question would have to
do with a wedding procession. In (100), sala indicates that the action is unex-
pected and what’s more led to unexpected and undesirable results (in fact, the
death of the character who did not bathe). Both emphatic forms generally occur
in preverbal position, preceding any auxiliaries or clitics associated with the
verb.
2.10 Clitics
Madurese includes a set of forms that cliticize to the immediately following
word. These proclitics have a variety of functions and are drawn from various
lexical classes and the particles just discussed. The following set includes those
identified by Stevens (1968:77) and others.
(101) Clitics
e ‘at’ ta' ‘not’
neng ‘at’ lo' ‘not’
ka ‘to’ tang/sang ‘my’
dha' ‘to’ me' ‘perhaps’
ban ‘and’ jung ‘more’
nangeng ‘but’ namong ‘only’
pas ‘then’ saleng/salang distributive/reciprocal
mon ‘if’ patang distributive/reciprocal
san ‘when’ bareng ‘together’
gan ‘up to’ padha ‘same/equal’