Affixation 111
In the dialect spoken in and around Bangkalan, -na has a phonologically-
conditioned variant.^6 Speakers in this region regularly use -eng as the definite
suffix following nouns that end in a glottal stop. This is illustrated in (48).
(48) Bangkalan dialect elsewhere
ana'eng ‘the child’ ana'na
aba'eng ‘he/she’ aba'na
bai'eng ‘the seed’ bai'na
bila'eng ‘the dirt’ bila'na
tabu'eng ‘the stomach’ tabu'na
For speakers who use -eng, -na (together with the standard morphophonological
rule of gemination) is used in all cases other than noun stems ending in glottal
stop, and at times in stems with a final glottal stop as well.
When suffixed to a verb (in the actor voice where appropriate), -na de-
rives a process nominal, as in (49).
(49) berka' ‘run’ berka'na ‘the running’
massa' ‘cook’ massa'na ‘the cooking’
noles ‘write’ nolessa ‘the writing’
mokol ‘hit’ mokolla ‘the hitting’
ngakan ‘eat’ ngakanna ‘the eating’
As shown below in section 1.2.7, process nominals are also formed with the
prefix pa- in combination with -na.
Definite -na also occurs on elements used as adverbial subordinating con-
junctions, as in the sentences in (50).
(50) a. Ita ngejung bakto-na a-ra-kora.
Ita AV.sing time-DEF AV-red-wash.dishes
‘Ita sang while washing the dishes.’
b. Mare-na Siti nyapo-we ubin, aba'eng entar dha' pasar.
finish-DEF Siti AV.sweep-DUR floor she go to market
‘After Siti had swept the floor, she went to the market.’
In (50a), baktona ‘the time’ is interpreted as ‘while’ and in (50b) marena ‘the
finishing’ is interpreted as ‘after’. As shown below in section 1.2.9, the prefix
sa- sometimes combines with -na to form nouns that function as adverbial sub-
ordinating conjunctions.
(^6) The use of the -eng definite suffix seems to extend only about 40 km east of
Bangkalan, its use tapering noticeably around town of Bliga.