Affixation 113
(54) camat ‘district head’ kacamadan ‘district’
rato ‘king’ karatowan/kraton ‘palace’
raja ‘king’ karaja'an ‘kingdom’
tedhung ‘sleep’ katedhungan ‘place to sleep/bed’
toju’ ‘sit’ katoju’an ‘place to sit/chair’
The use of ka-...-an to derive abstract nominals is very productive, a feature it
shares with Indonesian and Javanese ke-...-an. Its use to derive locatives is
much more circumscribed.
1.2.4 Agentive and instrumental pa- /pa/ and pang- /pa/
When affixed to some verbs, pa- derives agentive nouns.
(55) langoy ‘swim’ palangoy ‘ proficient swimmer’
gaja ‘joke’ pagaja ‘jokester’
soro ‘order’ pasoro ‘messenger/missionary’
tane ‘farm’ patane ‘farmer’
With other verbs, the prefix pang- is used to derive agents. In this use, the nasal
[] assimilates to the place of articulation of the initial consonant of the verb-
stem.^7
(56) bigal ‘rob’ pambigal ‘robber’
jaga ‘guard’ panjaga ‘guard’
jai' ‘sew’ panjai' ‘tailor’
bajar ‘pay’ pambajar ‘payer/bursar’
lako ‘work’ panglako ‘worker’
When affixed to other verbs, pang- derives instrumental nouns.
(57) toddu' ‘point’ panoddu' ‘pointer/hand of a clock’
gai' ‘poke’ panggai' ‘poker’
garis ‘line’ panggaris ‘ruler’
As is true in many languages, agents and instruments can be linked both
morphologically and syntactically. As shown in Chapter 8, syntactically agents
and instruments can take the same prepositional marking, bi' ‘by means of’,
moso ‘with’. Morphologically affixation of pa-/pang- can derive agentive and
instrumental nouns.
(^7) See Chapter 2 section 2.6 for discussion of the morphophonological process.