114 Chapter 4 Morphology
There are also some isolated uses of pang-, often deriving an abstract
noun from a verbal stem. In this use, nasal assimilation make take place option-
ally or be subject to idiolectal or dialectal variation. Stevens (1968:84) reports
the alternate forms panneser and pangneser, the latter of which he characterizes
as ‘rare’ but which seems to be the preferred form for speakers from Bangkalan.
(58) rassa ‘feel’ pangrassa ‘feeling’
arep ‘hope’ pangarep ‘hope’
neser ‘pity/love’ panneser/pangneser ‘love-gift’
gali ‘know’ panggali ‘idea’
1.2.5 Locative/agentive pa-...-an, /pa...an/
The prefix pa- combines with the suffix -an to form a circumfix that derives
locatives from some verbs and nouns.
(59) jaga ‘guard’ pajaga'an ‘guarded area’
makam ‘grave’ pamakaman ‘cemetery’
sare ‘sleep’ pasareyan ‘cemetery’
majang ‘fish’ pamajangan ‘place for fishing’
bako ‘tobacco’ pabakowan ‘tobacco store’
With other nouns, pa-...-an derives agentive nouns.
(60) jalan ‘road’ pajalanan ‘traveler’
aeng ‘water’ pa’aengan ‘water seller’
bako ‘tobacco’ pabakowan ‘tobacconist’
Note that as with some other affixes with multiple meanings, ambiguity can
occur. Pabakowan can refer either to the location where tobacco is sold or to the
person who sells tobacco. It should be noted, however, that none of these deri-
vational affixes involving derived agents, instruments, and locations is fully
productive. There is lexical idiosyncrasy regarding which affix is used to denote
any one of the meanings. Thus, there is not the wholesale ambiguity that com-
pletely productive processes would predict.
1.2.6. pang-...-an, /paan/
The circumfix pang-...-an principally derives abstract nouns. As pointed out by
Stevens (1968:174), the majority of these derivatives are loans from Indonesian.