118 Chapter 4 Morphology
(72) manes ‘sweet’ kamanesen ‘too sweet’
langeng ‘loud’ kalangengngen ‘too loud’
tandhes ‘fast’ katandhessen ‘too fast’
serret ‘tight’ kaserredden ‘too tight’
Stevens (1968) reports that adjectives can also take the ka-...-an adversative
circumfix with a subtle difference of meaning. With the ka-...-an circumfix, the
speaker is simply stating a fact, while with the ka-...-en form the speaker is stat-
ing a subjective assessment and is more directly adversely affected. The speak-
ers with whom I have worked fail to make this distinction. Rather it seems that
the alternation simply reflects variable pronunciation. This adversative notion of
‘too much’ can also be expressed by the degree modifier gallu ‘too’, which can
optionally cooccur with the involitive prefix ta-.
(73) manes gallu ‘too swet’ tamanes gallu
tinggi gallu ‘too high’ tatanggi gallu
serret gallu ‘too tight’ taserret gallu
Finally, the circumfix pa-...-en applied to verb roots can derive an adjec-
tive meaning to have an abundance of property.
(74) caca ‘talk’ pacaca'en ‘talkative’
loppa ‘forget’ paloppa'en ‘forgetful’
maen ‘play’ pamaenen ‘playful’
parcaja ‘trust’ pacaraja'en ‘trusting’
1.4 Derived adverbs
The majority of manner adverbs and many temporal adverbs are derived by the
suffixation of -an to adjectives and nouns, respectively. This is frequently ac-
companied by reduplication (to be discussed in Chapter 5), as is the case with
‘slowly’ and ‘really’.
(75) laon ‘slow’ laonan ‘slowly’ on-laonan
onggu ‘real’ ongguwan ‘really’ gu-ongguwan
duli ‘rushed’ duliyan ‘in a hurry’
are ‘day’ areyan ‘daily’
bulan ‘month’ bulanan ‘monthly’
Some of the adjectives, e.g., laon/on-laon, can be used adverbially without suf-
fixation of -an; others are standardly used adverbially without affixation, e.g.
ceppet ‘fast’.