Extensions 125
b. Koran e-totob-bagi dha' jendela bi' Ali.
newspaper OV-close-AGI to window by Ali
‘Ali covered the window with newspaper.’
c. Jendela e-totob-i koran bi' Ali.
window OV-close-LOC newspaper by Ali
‘Ali covered the window with newspaper.’
In (102a,b), -agi occurs with an ‘instrumental-type’ function in both actor voice
and object voice sentences as koran ‘newspaper’ is a core argument of totop
‘close’, direct object in (102a) and subject in (102b). The goal argument of the
sentence occurs as a prepositional object, dha’ jendela ‘to the window’. In the
synonymous sentence in (102c), the goal argument jendela is subject. Here, the
only the locative suffix -e (realized here as -i by regular phonological processes)
occurs.^11 The -agi suffix in evidence in (102a,b) is suppressed. Its occurrence in
this environment results in an unacceptable sentence. See Chapter 10 sections 1-
2 for detailed discussion of -e and -agi.
3. Extensions
In addition to the affixes described above, there is a limited number of conso-
nants that occur affixed to roots, which Stevens (1968) refers to as ‘extensions’.
These extensions sometimes result in a shift in the meaning of the root but fre-
quently occur in free variation with the bare root. These include prefixed k and '
(glottal stop) and suffixed n. For example, when used with the root ana’
‘offspring’, the k- extension results in the new meaning of ‘child in general’.
(103) ana' offspring’ k-ana' ‘child’ (but more usually with the
sense of ‘guy’)
na'-ana' ‘offspring (pl)’ na'-k-ana' ‘child/children’
One additional idiosyncrasy of the word na'-kana' is that despite the reduplica-
tion it need not denote plurality; a single child is most frequently referred to in
this form. While tang na'-ana' refers to my biological children, tang na'-kana'
refers to a child or children I have some charge of, for instance as a daycare
provider.
Other examples of extensions include the following:
(^11) As described in 1.1.11, one of the functions of -e is when a goal argument occurs as a
core argument rather than occurring in a prepositional phrase.