130 Chapter 5--Reduplication
(2) a. XCVC
toles ‘write’ les-toles ‘write (PL)’
malem ‘night’ lem-malem ‘nights’
penter ‘smart’ ter-penter ‘very smart’
b. XVC
maen ‘play’ en-maen ‘play (PL)’
aeng ‘water’ eng-aeng ‘water (PL)’
laon ‘slow’ on-laon ‘slowly’
c. XVV
tao ‘know’ o-tao ‘know (PL)’
prao ‘ship’ o-prao ‘ships’
d. CCV(C)
semprot ‘spray’ prot-semprot ‘spray (PL)’
pottre ‘princess’ tre-pottre ‘princesses’
tappla' ‘tablecloth’ pla'-tappla' ‘tablecloths’
assreng ‘frequent’ sreng-assreng ‘frequently’
The second most common type of reduplication is whole-word reduplica-
tion. Some use of this process may be the influence of Javanese and Indonesian,
but by no means all. Whole-word reduplication in natural speech is used primar-
ily with nouns, but occurs with other lexical classes as well. (3a) illustrates total
reduplication when there are no affixes, and thus word and root are indistin-
guishable. However, when there are affixes, depending on the affixes involved,
whole-word reduplication includes the affixes in the copy (3b) or not (3c).
Which affixes are included in whole-word reduplication is detailed in section 2.
(3) Total
a. whole word
bakto ‘time’ bakto-bakto ‘when’
becce' ‘good’ becce'-becce' ‘very good’
keban ‘animal’ keban-keban ‘animals’
oreng ‘person’ oreng-oreng ‘people’
b. whole word (including affixes)
ka-raja'-an ‘kingdom’ karaja'an-karaja'an ‘kingdoms’
pang-asel-an ‘income’ pangaselan-pangaselan ‘incomes’
c. root only
a-caca ‘talk’ acaca-caca ‘chat’
berka'-an ‘run often’ berka'-berka'-an ‘run often (PL)’^