Reduplication with other affixes 131
Ca reduplication and initial-syllable reduplication are ostensibly in free
variation, though the Ca variant seems more prevalent. Taken together they are
the least common of the reduplication processes. In Ca reduplication, the initial
consonant of the root is copied into a syllable with the vowel a and the result is
affixed to the beginning of the root; in initial-syllable reduplication, the initial
syllable of the root is copied. Focusing on the Madurese spoken in and around
Sumenep, Stevens (1968) treats the alternation as an optional rule of CV Ca
conversion. If this is the proper analysis, this process is quite prevalent in West-
ern Madura where reduplicated forms with Ca seem much more common. Ex-
amples include:
(4) a. Ca-reduplication
tolong ‘help’ ta-tolong ‘help’
buruk ‘advise’ ba-buruk ‘advises (PL)’
balasan ‘reply (V)’ ba-balasan ‘reply (N)’
becce'an ‘good’ ba-becce'an ‘goods’
lema' ‘five’ la-lema' ‘five’
b. initial-syllable reduplication
dhuwa' ‘two’ dhu-dhuwa' ‘two’
pongaba ‘staff person’ po-pongaba ‘staff persons’
In (4), balasan and becce'an are derived noun stems; the other forms are roots.
2. Reduplication with other affixes
Reduplication interacts with other affixes in various ways. As it is the most
common type of reduplication, final-syllable reduplication is of the greatest
interest in this regard.
First of all, final-syllable reduplication targets the final syllable of a root,
and so suffixes are excluded from the domain of the process and are never re-
duplicated. This is illustrated for the various suffixes described in Chapter 4,
section 1 in (5), in which the relevant suffix is in bold.
(5) kennallagi ‘introduce’ nal-kennallagi ‘introduce (PL)’
tolessagi ‘write for’ les-tolessagi ‘write for (PL)’
tamenan ‘plant (N)’ men-tamenan ‘plants’
pekkeran ‘think and think’ ker-pekkeran ‘think and think’
pesowe ‘yell at’ so-pesowe ‘yell at (PL)’
kereme ‘send to’ rem-kereme ‘send to (PL)’
pogerre ‘chop a while’ ger-pogerre ‘chop a while (PL)’