Reduplication with other affixes 135
The prefix sa- ‘one/all’, also follows the reduplicated syllable.
(14) malem ‘night’ lem-samalem ‘each night’
are ‘day’ re-sa'are ‘each day’
kerra' ‘piece’ ra'-sakerra' ‘one piece each’
The causative prefix pa- (shown in actor voice form ma- here) displays some
flexibility regarding its position with respect to the reduplicated syllable.
(15) palabu ‘make fall’ bu-palabu pabu-labu ‘make fall (PL)’
pasossa ‘make sad’ sa-pasossa pasa-sossa ‘made sad (PL)’
paenom ‘make drink’ nom-paenom panom-enom ‘make drink (PL)'
Both forms in each set can be used as reduplicated causative forms. However,
the forms in the middle column have an additional specialized meaning of
roughly ‘pretend to X’ (see section 3.1.3). Causatives, including these forms,
are treated in Chapter 10, section 6. Additionally, clitics such as the negative
ta'/lo' can follow the causative morpheme, and the reduplicated syllable can
precede both.
(16) pata'sake' ‘not make sick’ ke'-pata'sake' ‘not make sick (PL)’
pata'lesso ‘not make tired’ so-pata'lesso ‘not make tired (PL)’
Finally, the object voice can combine with the ka- morpheme and the causative.
In both cases, the various morphemes occur in their expected positions: ka-
must follow the reduplicant, pa- may either follow or precede the reduplicant,
and e- must take the outermost position.
(17) kapeggel ‘become angry’ egel-kapeggel ‘be made angry (PL)’
katako' ‘become afraid’ eko'-katako' ‘become afraid (PL)’
palabu ‘make fall’ ebu-palabu epabu-labu ‘be made to fall (PL)’
pasossa ‘make sad’ esa-pasossa epasa-sossa ‘be made sad (PL)’
Total reduplication is less common than final-syllable reduplication. Gen-
erally speaking, whole-word reduplication is associated with nouns, and the
affixes associated with derived nouns are included in the scope of reduplication.
(18) massa' ‘cook’ massa'an ‘food/dish’ massa'an-massa'an ‘dishes’
raja ‘king’ karaja'an ‘kingdom’ karaja'an-karaja'an ‘kingdoms’
junel ‘skilled’ kajunelan ‘expertise’ kajunelan-kajunelan ‘expertises’
jalan ‘road’ pajalanan ‘pedestrian’ pajalanan-pajalanan
‘pedestrians’