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A Grammar of Madurese

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  • Chapter 1 Introduction Abbreviations xvi



      1. Madura and its people





      1. The language





      1. Previous studies





      1. Methdology and framework



      • 4.1 Framework





  • Chapter 2 Phonology



      1. Basic inventory and description of sounds



      • 1.1 Consonants

      • 1.2 Vowels



    • (and Javanese) 2. Sound correspondences between Madurese and Indonesian

      • 2.1 Consonants

      • 2.2 Vowels





      1. Syllable structure and phonotactic constraints





      1. Vowel inventory and distribution



      • 4.1 Vowel harmony

      • 4.2 Other vowel processes





      1. Phonological processes



      • 5.1 Epenthesis

      • 5.2 Gemination

      • 5.3 Deletion





      1. Morphophonemic processes





      1. Stress





      1. Orthography





  • Chapter 3 Lexical categories



      1. Open classs categories



      • 1.1 The category noun

      • 1.2 The category verb

      • 1.3 The (sub)category adjective

      • 1.3.1 Adjective-verb similarities

      • 1.3.2 Potential adjective-verb differences x Contents

      • 1.3.3 A subcategory adjective

      • 1.4 Precategorial roots





      1. Closed classs categories



      • 2.1 Adverbs: straddling the open/closed dichotomy

      • 2.2 Auxiliaries

      • 2.3 Prepositions

      • 2.4 Pronouns

      • 2.5 Demonstratives

      • 2.6 Numerals and quantifiers

      • 2.7 Interrogatives

      • 2.8 Conjunctions

      • 2.9 Particles and interjections

      • 2.10 Clitics





  • Chapter 4 Morphology



      1. Affixation



      • 1.1 Verbal morphology

      • 1.1.1 Actor voice ng-, //

      • 1.1.2 Actor voice a-, /a/

      • 1.1.3 Object voice e-, /ɛ/

      • 1.1.4 Involitive ta-, /ta/

      • 1.1.5 Verbal ka-, /ka/

      • 1.1.6 Adversative ka-...-an, /ka...an/

      • 1.1.7 Causative pa-, /pa/

      • 1.1.8 Irrealis -a, /a/

      • 1.1.9 Iterative -an, /an/

      • 1.1.10 Durative -e, /ɛ/

      • 1.1.11 ‘Locative’ -e, /ɛ/

      • 1.1.12 ‘Benefactive’ agi- /akʰɛ/

      • 1.2 Nominal morphology

      • 1.2.1 Definite -na, /na/

      • 1.2.2 Result nominals with -an, /an/

      • 1.2.3 Nominal ka-...-an, /ka...an/

      • 1.2.4 Agentive and instrumental pa- /pa/ and pang- /pa/

      • 1.2.5 Locative/agentive pa-...-an, /pa...an/

      • 1.2.6 pang-...-an, /pa...an/

      • 1.2.7 pa- with process nominals

      • 1.2.8 sa-, /a/

      • 1.2.9 sa- in nominalizations

      • 1.3 Derived adjectives

      • 1.4 Derived adverbs

      • 1.5 Infixes Contents xi





      1. Co-occurrence of affixes





      1. Extensions





      1. Compounds





  • Chapter 5 Reduplication



      1. Reduplication types





      1. Reduplication with other affixes





      1. Functions of reduplication



      • 3.1 Reduplication of verbs

      • 3.1.1 Multiple actions

      • 3.1.2 Imperfect aspect

      • 3.1.3 Emphasis

      • 3.1.4 Reduplication of adjectives

      • 3.2 Reduplication of nouns

      • 3.2.1 Temporal expressions

      • 3.2.2 Additional functions

      • 3.3 Indefinite expressions

      • 3.4 Adverbs

      • 3.5 Numbers

      • 3.6 Compounds





  • Chapter 6 Clause types



      1. Basic word order





      1. Non-verbal clauses





      1. Existential clauses





      1. Verbal clauses



      • 4.1 Intransitive clauses

      • 4.2 Semantically-transitive statives

      • 4.3 Transitive clauses

      • 4.4 Ditransitive clauses





      1. Exclamatory clauses





      1. Hortative clauses





      1. Imperative clauses





      1. Comparative and superlative clauses





      1. Topic-comment structure





      1. Subjects, definiteness and specificity





  • Chapter 7 Nominals and noun phrases



      1. Nominal types





      1. Nominal morphology



      • 2.1 Nominal inflection

        • 2.2 Nominal derivation xii Contents





        1. Pronouns



        • 3.1 Distribution of pronouns





        1. Demonstratives





        1. Possession





        1. Quantifiers





        1. Numbers





        1. Measure phrases





        1. Adjectival modification





        1. Prepositional phrase modifiers





        1. Nominalizations and clausal NPs





        1. Constituent order in NPs







  • Chapter 8 Prepositions and prepositional phrases



      1. Basic prepositions



      • 1.1 e and neng ‘at’

      • 1.2 dha' and ka ‘to’

      • 1.3 dhari ‘from’

      • 1.4 bi' and moso ‘with’

      • 1.5 sampe' and gan ‘until’

      • 1.6 akantha ‘like’





      1. Derived prepositions



      • 2.1 kaangguy 'for’

      • 2.2 nganggu instrumental ‘with’

      • 2.3 kalaban and banding ‘than’

      • 2.4 katembangand moso ‘with’

      • 2.5 lebat ‘through’

      • 2.6 parkara and hal ‘concerning’, ‘in regard to’

      • 2.7 sabab/bab ‘about’

      • 2.8 sabellunna ‘before’, sa'ellana ‘after’, samarena ‘after’





      1. Complex locative expressions





      1. Nominal morphology

        • 4.1 Verb-preposition combinations

        • 4.2 Prepositional marking of direct objects







  • Chapter 9 Verb phrases and verbal marking



      1. Voice



      • 1.1 Actor voice

      • 1.1.1 Actor voice with intransitive roots

      • 1.1.2 The unaccusative/unergative split

      • 1.2 Object voice

      • 1.3 Further manifestations of voice





      1. Irrealis mood Contents xiii





      1. Aspectual -an, -e, reduplication





      1. Auxiliaries and adverbial tense, mood and aspect marking





      1. Negation





      1. Additional voice constructions



      • 6.1 Resultative/abilitive ka-

      • 6.2 Involitive

      • 6.3 Adversative





  • Chapter 10 Modifications to clause structure



      1. ‘Locative’ -e



      • 1.1 Ditransitives

      • 1.2 ‘Give’

      • 1.3 Verbs of communication

      • 1.4 Verbs of cognitive state

      • 1.5 Dynamic intransitive verbs

      • 1.6 Stative intransitive verbs





      1. The suffix -agi



      • 2.1 Benefactives

      • 2.2 Verbs of communication

      • 2.3 -agi specifying an endpoint

      • 2.4 -agi with instruments

      • 2.5 Intransitive predicates and causativization

      • 2.6 Polite imperatives

      • 2.7 Miscellaneous instances

      • 2.8 The meaning/function of -agi and Indonesian -kan





      1. Causatives



      • 3.1 Causatives of stative intransitive verbs

      • 3.2 Causatives of dynamic intransitive verbs

      • 3.3 Causatives of syntactically transitive verbs

      • 3.4 Patterns of acceptability

      • 3.5 Structural variations





      1. The role of -e and -agi





  • Chapter 11 Complex sentences



      1. Coordination



      • 1.1 Subclausal coordination





      1. Complementation





      1. Sentential subjects





      1. Control





      1. Aspectual predicates





      1. Prolepsis





      1. Relative clauses xiv Contents





      1. Complements of nominals





      1. Clefts



      • 9.1 The presuppositional clause

      • 9.2 Predicative nature of the clefted element

      • 9.3 Clefting adjuncts





      1. Direct speech





  • Chapter 12 Adverbs and adverbial clauses



      1. Types of adverbial expressions



      • 1.1 Temporal expressions

      • 1.2 Frequency adverbs

      • 1.3 Epistemic adverbials

      • 1.4 Manner adverbials

      • 1.5 Degree modifiers





      1. Derivation of adverbs





      1. Adverbial clauses



      • 3.1 Purpose clauses

      • 3.2 Reason clauses

      • 3.3 Conditional clauses

      • 3.4 Concessive clauses

      • 3.5 Temporal clauses

      • 3.5.1 sa- adverbials

      • 3.6 Parataxis

      • 3.7 Correlative structures





      1. Adjuncts in complement clauses





  • Chapter 13 Anaphora



      1. Reflexives



      • 1.1 The uses of dibi'

      • 1.2 The distribution of aba'na dibi'

      • 1.3 Reflexive interpretation without dibi'

      • 1.4 NP + dibi' reflexives





      1. Reciprocals



      • 2.1 The components of reciprocals

      • 2.2 A special property of saleng, patang and gante

      • 2.3 Stative predicates





      1. Null pronouns





      1. Cross-clausal null anaphora





      1. Ellipsis and gapping





  • Chapter 14 Questions Contents xv



      1. Yes/no questions





      1. Alternative questions





      1. Tag questions





      1. Constituent questions



      • 4.1 In situ questions

      • 4.2 Clefted questions

      • 4.3 Fronted questions

      • 4.3.1 Adverbial questions

      • 4.3.2 Prepositional questions

      • 4.3.3 barampa ‘how much/how many’





      1. Long-distance questions



      • 5.1 Long-distance in situ questions

      • 5.2 ‘Partial’ movement questions

      • 5.3 Long-distance ‘movement’

      • 5.4 Evidence against long-distance movement

      • 5.5 Embedded wh-adjuncts and movement

      • 5.6 Long-distance questions and island effects





      1. Embedded questions





      1. The question particle ba'





  • Chapter 15 Speech levels



      1. The vocabularies





      1. Use of the vocabularies



      • 2.1 Kasar, tengnga'an and alos

      • 2.2 Alos tenggi and alos mandhap

      • 2.3 Identifying distinct speech levels





      1. Textual examples





      1. Implementation of the speech levels





  • Chapter 16 Texts



      1. Parembi'na Joko Tole





      1. Radin Sagara





      1. Siti Lalumba





      1. Kerrapan Sape





  • References

  • Index

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