Functions of reduplication 147
Also, reduplicated adjectives are often used adverbially without additional mor-
phology.
(66) on-laon ‘slowly’
gu-onggu ‘really’
te-ngate ‘carefully’
bali ‘return’ li-bali-yan ‘back and forth’
dibi' ‘alone’ bi’-dibi’-an ‘by oneself’
Some temporal adverbs are derived by reduplication as well.
(67) abit ‘a long time’ bit-abit ‘after a while’
aher ‘end’ her-aher-ra ‘eventually’
sabban ‘each’ ban-sabban-na ‘in the past’
adha' ‘front’ dha'-adha'-eng ‘at first’
3.5 Numbers
Number undergo Ca reduplication under a variety of circumstances, which are
syntactically determined. These uses are detailed in Chapter 7, section 7. Exam-
ples of the reduplication are given in (64).
(68) tello' ‘3’ ta-tello'
lema' ‘5’ la-lema'
petto' ‘7’ pa-petto'
3.6 Compounds
In the vast majority of cases, the first root is of a compound, which is the head
of the compound, undergoes final-syllable reduplication.
(69) sapedha motor ‘motorcycle’ dha-sapedha motor ‘motorcycles’
korse goyang ‘rocking chair’ se-korse goyang ‘rocking chairs’
reng tane ‘farmer’ reng-oreng tane ‘farmers’^3
buku toles ‘writing pad’ ku-buku toles ‘writing pads’
sake' ate ‘annoyed’ ke'-sake' ate ‘very annoyed’
raja ate ‘proud/arrogant’ ja-raja ate ‘very proud/arrogant’
In a few cases, the root undergoes total reduplication and is placed after the
(^3) The form reng-oreng tane ‘farmers’ is often realized as reng-reng tane, with the o of
the root omitted. Speakers vary regarding the form they use. Both are considered
acceptable and a single speaker may vary between the two forms.