Non-verbal clauses 151
positional phrase moso Joko Tole ‘by Joko Tole’.
Although the word order of everyday speech can be quite free, the
majority of examples sentences in this volume will display the basic word order,
something which is true of virtually all grammars of Indonesian-type languages.
The SVO order is standard for formal and written Madurese and helps make the
grammatical exposition as clear as possible.
2. Non-verbal clauses
A number of clause types have predicates that consist of nominals, prepositional
phrases, numerals and quantifiers.
In identificational clauses, a nominal is predicated of a subject. These
clauses have a basic NP-NP structure, the first NP being the subject and the
second the predicate.
(7) Hasan (juwa) hakim.
Hasan that judge
‘Hasan is a judge.’
(8) Siti (jiya) guru.
Siti this teacher
‘Siti is a teacher.’
(9) Oreng bine' rowa pa-nyanyi se bagus.
person female that NOM-sing REL good
‘That woman is a good singer.’
In (7) and (8), a demonstrative may occur as part of the subject, but is not obli-
gatory, as indicated by the parentheses. The example in (9) illustrates the fact
that the predicate is not a simple noun but in fact a full NP, one which can in-
clude modifiers, here a relative clause, se bagus ‘that is good’. Proper nouns can
occur as predicate nominals as well. In (10-12), the predicates are Ali, Marlena,
and Kangean, respectively.
(10) Reng tane juwa, Ali.
person farm that Ali
‘That farmer is Ali.’
(11) Guru-na Hasan, Marlena.
teacher-DEF Hasan Marlena
‘Hasan’s teacher is Marlena.’