188 Chapter 7 Nominals and noun phrases
person plural, here, the people of Madura.
In (27), dan kula is used as the first person pronoun. This is one of many
first and second person pronominal forms that are used in the higher speech
levels. The complete set consists of:
(31) 1st person 2nd person
bula dika
gula diko
kaula sampeyan
kula
(ba)dan kaula panjennengngan
dalem padana
apdina sampeyan dalem
apdi dalem ajunan dalem
bal-gebbal dalem ajunan sampeyan
ajunan panjennengngan
The following examples exemplify the use of some of these forms.
(32) Sapora-na ka'dhinto Pottre, ka'dhinto ampon parenta, dalem dhari
sorry-DEF this princess this already command me from
rato kaangguy mate'-e ajunan, ajunan ampon e-anggep sala
king for AV.dead-E you you already OV-consider wrong
sareng rato.”
by king
‘Forgive me, princess, this is an order to me from the king for me to kill
you because the king thinks you are guilty.’
(33) Kaula mangken ampon ngarte ka'dhinto Dinaju Pottre, ja'
I now already understand this ‘lady’ princess COMP
panjennengngan ka'dhinto saestona lo' gadhuwan sala.
you this true not have wrong
‘I now understand this princess, that you are truly not guilty.’
Each of these examples is taken from a dialogue between a princess and the
minister instructed by her father to kill her. First person is expressed by both
dalem and kaula and second person by ajunan and panjennengngan. See Chap-
ter 15 for discussion of the use of these pronouns and other aspects of the higher
speech levels.
Finally, proper names and titles can also be used pronominally. Thus,
under appropriate circumstances, the sentence in (34) can be uttered by Hanina
in reference to herself.