190 Chapter 7 Nominals and noun phrases
(38) a. proximal: reya, areya, jareya, jariya, jiya, jajiya, jeh
b. distal: rowa, arowa, juwa
The forms reya, areya, and jareya ‘this’ and rowa and arowa ‘that’ are consi-
dered standard and are the preferred forms in the Eastern dialect. The forms jiya
and ajiya ‘this’ and juwa ‘that’ are prevalent in the Western dialect from Pa-
mekkesan westward. The form jajiya ‘this’ is reportedly a form used in Sume-
nep. Within the noun phrase, demonstratives follow the nouns that they identify,
as is evident in a number of examples in earlier chapters and is clear in the fol-
lowing examples.
(39) Nyae ng-edhing badha salam jareya.
nyae AV-hear exist greeting this
‘Nyae heard the greeting.’
(40) K-oca'-eng badha kancil. Kancil jiya penter, odhi' neng alas.
KA-say-DEF exist deer deer this smart live in forest
‘Once there was a deer. The deer was clever, and lived in the forest.’
(41) “Ya, kerbuy pote juwa,” jawab Empo Kelleng.
yes bull white that answer Empo Kelleng
‘“Well, that white buffalo,” Empo Kelleng replied.’
(42) Saba' neng kamar adha' rowa Ebu'.
put at room front that mother
‘Put Mother in the front room.’
The selection of jareya in (39) and jiya in (40) is due to the fact that the nouns
they specify are in the immediate discourse environment, thus they are ‘near’
the speaker, who is narrating the story. The selection of juwa in (41) and rowa
in (42) are due to the fact that the entities referred to, kerbuy pote ‘white buffa-
lo’ and kamar ada' ‘front room’ are distant from both the speaker and the ad-
dressee.
As discussed in Chapter 3 section 2.5 demonstratives frequently occur
with proper nouns. The function of the demonstrative can be either to indicate
that the referent is near to or far from the speaker (43) or in a discourse context
to indicate that the specified referent is one that has been mentioned recently in
the text (44).
(43) Hasan juwa noles sorat.
Hasan that AV.write letter
‘That Hasan wrote a letter.’