Nominalizations and clausal NPs 213
created by the agent, here Diyah Thus, only nyaman ‘delicious’ is an appropri-
ate description; laon ‘slow’ is not. In (148), with the verb pokol ‘hit’, the no-
minal pokolan refers to the punches that Ali threw, the result of the action of
hitting. In the b-sentences, the focus is on the activity itself and describing some
property of the process. In each case, there is a description of the manner of the
activity. In (147), with the nominal pamassa'na, the Diyah’s cooking is de-
scribed as slow, which can only refer to the process of cooking and not the re-
sult; thus, nyaman ‘delicious’ is not a possible description. Likewise, in (148), it
is the manner in which Ali hit which is the focus, ceppat ‘fast’, and not the re-
sult.
Although not particularly common, both result and process nominaliza-
tions can include objects as well as agents. When both are included, the object
occurs following the agent as the object of the preposition ka or dha' ‘to’. This
is illustrated in (149-152).
(149) Kekke’-an-na burus ka Fauzan sara.
bite-NOM-DEF dog to Fauzan bad
‘The dog’s biting of Fauzan was severe.’
(150) Pa-massa'-na Diyah ka juko' ce' loan-na.
NOM-cook-DEF Diyah to fish very slow-DEF
‘Diyah cooked the fish very slowly.’
(151) Pa-ngrosag-ga Deni ka komputer ma-peggel Ina.
NOM-ruin-DEF Deni to computer AV.CS-angry Ina
‘Deni’s breaking the computer made Ina angry.’
Additionally, result nominals (but not process nominals) can serve as modifiers
of a head noun, in a type of relative clause or appositive construction, (152) and
(153).
(152) Bambang maca buku [toles-an-na Ita] juwa.
Bambang AV.read book write-NOM-DEF Ita that
‘Bambang read the book that Ita wrote.’
(153) Na'-kana' ngakan juko' [massa'-an-na Diyah].
RED-child AV.eat fish cook-NOM-DEF Diyah
‘The kids ate the fish that Diyah cooked.’
In (152), the result nominal and the agent tolesanna Ita modify the head buku,
and in (153), the result nominal and agent massa'anna Diyah modifies the head
juko'. See Chapter 11 section 7 for a discussion of relative clauses.
Finally, clauses can simply serve as NPs without any additional morphol-