Basic prepositions 231
The form ban ‘with’ has largely the same distribution as bi' and moso and
should be thought of as a class with them. However, at least historically, ban is
a truncated form of the derived preposition kalaban ‘with’. Therefore, discus-
sion of its use and distribution is held in abeyance until discussion of kalaban in
section 2.3.
1.5 sampe' and gan ‘until’
The lexical items sampe' and gan ‘until’ specify that some endpoint or state has
been reached. Although they denote the same basic meaning, their distribution
differs slightly and use of gan is somewhat more limited than sampe'.
NP, PP, and clausal complements occur with sampe'. NP complements are
largely temporal nouns. And in the temporal use of sampe' the state of affairs
predicated in the clause has held up to the point in time denoted by the temporal
noun, as in (37) and (38).
(37) Sampe' sateya koca'eng gi' badha.
until now said yet exist
‘It still exists today.’
(38) Sampe’ pan-brampan are reng-oreng Makassar bi' jaragan
until RED-how many day RED-person Makassar and owner
Makassar jareya badha neng disa Jangka.
Makassar this exist at village Jangka
‘For several days the Makassarese people and their boss stayed in the
village of Jangka.’
Sampe' can also take non-temporal NP complements, as in (39).
(39) Tokang jiya a-gabay kerres gantheng sampe' barangka-na jiya.
worker this AV-make kris handsome until sheath-DEF this
‘The craftsman made a handsome kris with a sheath.’
Here sampe' and its complement denote a notion of inclusion or completeness.
PP complements of sampe' generally indicate a location that is the
achieved endpoint of some movement, as in (40) and (41).
(40) Ponggaba-na a-berka' sampe' dha' Bang Selo.
staff-DEF AV-run until to Bang Selo
‘The staff person ran all the way to Bang Selo.’