232 Chapter 8 Prepositions and PPs
(41) Gu-laggu aba'na noro' kerbuy pote sampe' ka tengnga alas.
RED-morning he AV.follow buffalo white until to center forest
‘The next morning he followed the albino bull deep into the forest.’
Non-locative PP complements, such as goal PPs headed by dha', denote inclu-
sion of the object in some group established in the sentence or discourse.
(42) Sampe' dha' reng-oreng kraton dibi', sampe' dha' pottra-na rato
until to RED-person kingdom self until to child-DEF king
Palembang jugan sake'.
Palembang also sick
‘Even the royal family itself, even the king of Palembang’s children,
are sick.’
In (42), the object of the preposition dha’ ‘to’, reng-oreng kraton dibi' ‘the roy-
al family itself’ acts as an abstract location at the outer boundary of the group
being discussed (the people who are ill); pottrana rato Palembang ‘the king of
Palembang’s children’ fulfills the same function in the second instance.
Clausal complements are also possible, sampe' functioning in this case
like a subordinating conjunction, (43) and (44).
(43) Panas sampe' bu-tombu-wan se mate.
hot until RED-plant-AN REL die
‘It was so hot that the plants died.’
(44) Geddhang agung reya mo'dul sampe’ a-buwa, sampe' baji'-eng
banana exalted this appear until AV-fruit until seed- DEF
geddhang-nga a-ga-gaggar-an.
banana-DEF AV-RED-fall-AN
‘The geddhang agung appeared until it bore fruit, until the seeds of the
banana dropped all around.’
The meaning of gan is similar to sampe', but gan is more restricted in its
distribution and use. Like sampe', with a temporal NP complement the state of
affairs predicated in the clause holds up to the point in time denoted by the tem-
poral noun, as in (45), gan sobbu ‘until dawn’. With a locative NP complement,
it denotes the endpoint of motion, as in (46), where gan labang buta mean ‘up
to the main gate’.
(45) Aba'eng a-tari gan sobbu.
they AV-dance until dawn
‘They danced until dawn.’