Derived prepositions 237
similar to that of the nearly synonymous bi' and moso, expanding slightly on the
functions discussed in section 1.4.
First, PPs headed by kalaban serve a variety of instrumental and agentive-
type functions include marking instruments (63), agents (64), abstract instru-
ment/agent (65), and cause (66).
(63) Nabun mongkos sassa'-an kalaban koran.
Nabun AV.wrap wash-NOM with newspaper
‘Siti wrapped the laundry in newspaper.’
(64) Aba'na lo' kala kalaban satreya-satreya Mataram.
he not defeated by RED-knight Mataram
‘He wasn’t defeated by other knights from Mataram.’
(65) Ya aher-ra kalaban ka-kowad-an-na sentana dhari Madura, Karta
yes end-DEF with NOM-strong-DEF soldier from Madura Karta
Sura bisa e-pa-kala.
Sura can OV-CS-defeat
‘Finally, through the strength of the soldiers from Madura, Karta Sura
could be conquered.’
(66) Kalaban dha' iya,tanto-na rato Majapahit pas laju a-rassa
with like.this certain-DEF king Majapahit then then AV-feel
ce' lebur-ra dha' kana' se kadhuwa' jareya.
very like-DEF to kid REL two this
‘Because of this, the king of Majapahit came to like these two guys very
much.’
In (63), kalaban koran ‘with a newspaper’ is a simple instrument, and in (64)
kalaban satreya-satreya Mataram ‘by Mataram knights’ is an agent. In (65),
kakowadanna sentana dhari Madura ‘the strength of the Madurese soldiers’
denotes an abstract agency or instrumentality. And in (66), dha' iya ‘like this’
refers to the state of affairs described in the previous sentence which brought
about the current state of affairs.
In addition, as is true of bi' and moso, kalaban can head PPs that denote
associative objects (67), can be used in adverbial PPs (68), and can coordinate
two NPs (69).
(67) E-bagi dha' sodagar dhari Makassar jareya kalaban pessen,...
OV-give to trader from Makassar this with message
‘It was given to the trader from Makassar with the message...’