A Grammar of Madurese

14 Chapter 2 Phonology

/ṭ/ voiceless aspirated alveolar retroflex stop

[ṭ] in syllable-initial position, does not occur in syllable-final position

(except geminates)
[ṭimɛ ‘too much’
[puṭu ‘capital’

/ḍ/ voiced alveolar retroflex stop
[d.] in syllable-initial position, does not occur in syllable-final position
(except geminates)
[ḍɤ] ‘to’

[bɤḍɤ] ‘exist’

/c/ voiceless palatal stop (lightly affricated)
[c] in syllable-initial position, does not occur in syllable-final position
(except geminates)
[cɔkp] ‘enough’

[bɤca] ‘read’

/c/ voiceless aspirated palatal stop (lightly affricated)

[c] in syllable-initial position, does not occur in syllable-final position

(except geminates)
[cukɔ] ‘fish’

[kɤcɤ] ‘elephant’

// voiced palatal stop (lightly affricated)

[] in syllable-initial position, does not occur in syllable-final position

(except geminates)
[ɤgɔ] ‘wake up’
[parcaɤ] ‘believe’

/k/ voiceless velar stop
[k] in syllable-initial position
[kɛrɛm] ‘send’
[pakɔ] ‘nail’

[k] in syllable-final position

[kɔṭak] ‘box’

[canḍɤk] ‘hold’