‘Locative’ -e 293
(45) a. %Amie maji'-i taretan-na.^6
Amie AV.hate-LOC brother-DEF
‘Amie hates his brother.’
b. Amie maji'-i ka taretan-na.
c. Amie baji'-i (ka) taretan-na.
(46) a. Soleha ng-enga'-e nyama-na guru-na.
Soleha AV-remember-E name-DEF teacher-DEF
‘Soleha remembered her teacher’s name.’
b. Soleha ng-enga'-e ka nyama-na guru-na.
c. Soleha enga'-e (ka) nyama-na guru-na.
In the grammatical sentences, the verb is in the actor voice, maji'i ‘hate’ and
ngenga'e ‘remember’ and the goal is a bare NP, taretanna ‘his brother’ and
nyamana guruna ‘her teacher’s name’. If either of these features is absent (in
non-object voice structures), the clause is ill-formed. In the b-sentences the goal
is a prepositional object, accounting for the ungrammaticality. In the c-
sentences, the verb does not take the actor voice morphology in the presence of
the locative suffix, accounting for the ungrammaticality.
In object voice clauses, the goal is subject and the verb has the locative
suffix. However, with the object voice for verbs of cognition (and some verbs of
emotion shown in section 1.6), there is additional morphology. The prefix ka-,
which signals an achieved state, is usually affixed on the verb and follows the
object voice prefix.^7 This is illustrated in (47) and (48).
(47) Taretan-na e-ka-baji'-i bi' Amie.
brother-DEF OV-KA-hate-LOC by Amie
‘Amie hates his brother.’
(48) Nyama-na guru-na e-ka-enga'-e Soleha.
name-DEF teacher-DEF OV-KA-remember-LOC Soleha
‘Soleha remembered her teacher’s name.’
There is speaker variability with the object voice structures. Some verbs
can occur (for some speakers) without the ka- prefix in object voice. Object
voice clauses with the verb parcaja ‘believe/trust’ are considered most fully
(^6) There is some speaker variation with respect to the acceptability of the sentence in
(45a) as well. However, those who consider it substandard remark that it is far more
acceptable than (45b,c).
(^7) See Chapter 9 section 6.1 for a discussion of the verbal prefix ka-.