Complementation 341
(30) Paman manceng ban/*bi' a-massa' juko' jiya.
uncle AV.pole and AV-cook fish this
‘Uncle caught and cooked this fish.’
(31) Na'-kana' ngejung ban/*so a-tari ce' senneng-nga.
RED-child AV.sing and AV-dance very happy-DEF
‘The children sang and danced very happily.’
Finally, at the sub-PP level, the complex prepositions present a somewhat
more mixed picture. Once again, conjunction with ban is fully acceptable.
(32) Ceng-koceng-nga Pa' Tono tedhung e attas-sa ban e baba-na meja.
RED-cat-DEF Mr Tono sleep at top-DEF and at under-DEF table
‘Pak Tono’s cats slept on and under the table.’
Conjunction with so is more widely accepted than with bi'; however, examples
with both are acceptable to many speakers.
(33) Na'-kana' a-maen e dhalem so e lowar-ra roma.
RED-child AV-play at inside and at outside-DEF house
‘The children played inside and outside the house.’
(34) Tokang pos nyaba' paket e seddi'-eng bi' e budhi-na roma.
worker post AV.put package at side-DEF and at back-DEF house
‘The mail carrier put packages beside and behind the house.’
All in all, coordination with ban is preferred over coordination with bi' or so,
even when the latter two are considered acceptable.
2. Complementation
A variety of predicates can or must take a clause as one of their arguments. As
there are no tense distinctions or participial forms in Madurese, predicates can-
not be straightforwardly categorized in terms of distinctions in the finiteness of
their complements as is done in many languages. However, these predicates can
be sorted into rough categories and subcategories on the basis of morphological
and syntactic characteristics, admitting some overlap in category membership.
After examining these categories, specific properties of these structures are ex-
amined in more detail, including sentential subjects, the nature of control, the
issue of raising, the unique nature of aspectual predicates, and others.