Sound correspondences 21
(1) Madurese Indonesian Javanese
/batu/ [bɤɔ /watu/ /watu/ ‘stone’
/baktɔ/ [bɤɔ /waktu/ /waktu/ ‘time’
/caba/ cɤbɤ /awa/ /awa/ ‘Java’
/labang/ [labɤ (/pintu/) /lawang/ ‘door’
/ɛbɛ/ [ibi (/diri/) /d.we/ ‘alone/self’
/baca/ [bɤca] /baca/ /waca/ ‘read’
Stevens (1966) cites Kiliaan (1897) as identifying the Madurese-Javanese cor-
respondence, as well as a correspondence between Madurese /p/ and Javanese
/b/. This is true of Indonesian as well.^8
(2) Madurese Indonesian Javanese
/paṭɛk/ [pɤṭɛk] /batik/ /batik/ ‘batik’
/pakɔs/ [pɤkus] /bagus/ /bagus/ ‘good’
/pɔt.ɔ/ [puṭu] /bodoh/ /bod.o/ ‘stupid’
/ɛpɔʔ/ ɛpuʔ] /ibu/ /ibu/ ‘mother’
/kərpɔj/ [kərpuj] /krbaw/ /kbaw/ ‘water buffalo’
The phoneme /h/ is rare in Madurese and occurs principally in loanwords
of Arabic origin, and some recent loans from Indonesian. For the most part,
aside from Arabic loans, there is no /h/ in Madurese cognates of Indonesian
words containing /h/. (Under the influence of Indonesian, some cognates are
sometimes pronounced with [h], e.g., [asɛl] ~ [hasɛl] ‘result’. However, one
might interpret this as a speaker simply using the Indonesian word, as speakers
frequently will pepper their speech with Indonesian or Javanese.)
(3) Madurese Indonesian Javanese
/taɔ/ [taɔ] /tahu/ /tau/ ‘know’
/caɛ/ [cɤ] /ahe/ /ae/ ‘ginger’
/atɛ/ [atɛ] /hati/ /ati/ ‘heart/liver’
/asɛl/ [asɛl] /hasil/ /asil/ ‘result’
/mɛra/ [mɛra] /merah/ (/aba/) ‘red’
/lɛɔllɛ/ [lɛɔllɛ] /oleholeh/ /oleholeh/ ‘souvenir’^9
In many lexical items, glottal stop occurs where the Indonesian cognate
(^8) Stevens (1966) notes the possibility of widespread borrowing from Javanese may be a
plausible explanation for the /p/ ~ [b] correspondence as Javanese b is breathy and
voiceless and so might be perceived as aspirated by Madurese speakers.
(^9) These are reduplicated forms.