22 Chapter 2 Phonology
has a syllable-final voiceless stop.^10 However, this is a sporadic phenomenon;
in many cases, the cognates in the two languages have the same voiceless stop.
Examples of both phenomena are given below.
(4) Madurese Indonesian Javanese
a. /ata/ [ata] /atap/ (/wuwu/) ‘roof (made of
palm fronds)’
/gəna/ [gənna] /gnap/ /gənəp/ ‘complete’
/d.ɤd.d.ɤ/ [d.d.d.] /dadap/ /dadap/ ‘Erythrima tree’
/takəp/ [taə] /takap/ /takəp/ ‘catch’
/aṭṭəp/ [aṭṭəp] /hadap/ /adəp/ ‘front’
b. /sakɛ/ [sakɛ] /sakit / (/lɔrɔ/) ‘ill’
/əmpa/ [əmpa] /əmpat / /papat/ ‘four’
/caɛ/ [cɤ] /ahit / /ait/ ‘sew’
/cəpət/ [cəət] /pat / /cəpət/ ‘fast’
/pɔlɔt/ [pɔlɔt] /potlot / /pɔtlɔt/ ‘pencil’
c. /ana/ [ana] /anak/ /anak/ ‘child’
/rɔɔ/ [rɔɔ] /rokok/ /rɔɔk/ ‘tobacco’
/bapa/ [bapa] /bapak/ /bapak/ ‘father’
/paṭɛk/ [pɤṭɛk] /batik/ /batik/ ‘batik’
/kɔṭak/ [kɔṭak] /kotak/ /kɔtak/ ‘box’
All of the underlying forms of the Indonesian and Javanese items have /k/ in
final position, which by rule is realized as []. In the Madurese, //and /k/
represent a phonemic contrast. So, as with [p] and [t], some word-final phonem-
ic /k/ in cognates correspond to underlying /k/ in Madurese while others corres-
pond to underlying //.
The palatal glide /j/, while present in many words, is largely non-
phonemic, its presence due to an epenthesis rule discussed in section 2.5.1.
Where the palatal glide occurs in Indonesian cognates, a voiced palatal stop //
is generally found in Madurese.
(^10) Stevens (1966) notes that Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word-final p, t, and *k devel-
oped into Madurese //. It is possible that words that do have final /p/, /t/, and /k/ en-
tered the language through borrowing from Malay and/or Javanese or at least were in-
fluenced by them.