382 Chapter 11 Complex sentences
rectness of this analysis for Madurese is available from the distribution of the
adverbial element keya ‘too’. As is illustrated in (193) and (194), keya can only
occur in the predicate (VP) of a sentence.
(193) a. Tono maca buku-na Hasan keya.
Tono AV.read book-DEF Hasan too
‘Tono read Hasan’s book, too.’
b. Tono maca keya dha' buku-na Hasan.^11
Tono AV.read too to book-DEF Hasan
‘Tono read Hasan’s book, too.’
c. *Tono keya maca buku-na Hasan.
Tono too AV.read book-DEF Hasan
(Tono, too, read Hasan’s book.)
(194) a. Ina entar ka Sorbaja keya.
Ina go to Surabaya too
‘Ina went to Surabaya, too.’
b. Ina entar keya ka Sorbaja.
Ina go too to Surabaya
‘Ina went to Surabaya, too.’
c. *Ina keya entar ka Sorbaja.
Ina too go to Surabaya
(Ina too went to Surabaya.)
In the a- and b-sentences in (193) and (194), keya is a dependent of the VP,
occurring in VP-final position and VP-internal position, respectively. In the c-
sentences, keya is external to the VP, occurring in the position immediately
following the subject. These sentences are ungrammatical. The explanation is
that keya must be a dependent of a VP.^12 Crucially, what the c-sentences show
is that in simple declarative sentences keya may not immediately follow the
subject.
(^11) The preposition dha' 'to' in (193b) acts as a marker of the direct object when the ad-
verbial element keya 'too' intervenes between it and the verb. See Chapter 8 section 4.2.
(^12) This is similar to Cole, Hermon, and Aman (2008) evidence regarding the distribu-
tion of -kah as a VP element in Singapore Malay.